Chapt. 20 - Emotions Pt. 2

Question 1

Behavioural systems are designed to…

Answer 1

enable organisms to solve fundamental problems associated with survival. ex. reproduction, feeding, and avoidance and escape from dangerous situations**

Question 2

What are the two types of signals that activate the fear system

Answer 2

1. innate danger signals (natural, born with)
2. learned danger signals (from experience)

Question 3

The concept of fear can be seen as a _____________ system

Answer 3

defensive behavioural system
input from innate and learned danger signals, initiates fear, then respond/defend with freezing, flight, fight, analgesia, or autonomic arousal
allows us to avoid and escape dangerous situations

Question 4

Robert Bolles developed the concept of _________ in relation to fear as a defensive behavioural system

Answer 4

species specific defense responses
describes the class of innate behaviours that are supported by the fear system, the observable behaviours that specific species demonstrate as a response to fear

Question 5

Michael Fanselow developed the concept of _____ in relation to fear as a defensive behavioural system

Answer 5

predatory imminence gradient
he argued that defensive behaviours are organized around predatory imminence gradient, meaning that depending on where the predator is, the animal will respond accordingly. (ex. if close, will fight, if far, will freeze, etc.)

Question 6

What ideas did the Blanchard’s contribute to the concept of fear as a defensive behavioural system

Answer 6

They participated in research on defensive behaviours and provided the description of human defensive behaviours.
Relates to Fanselow about depends how close the threat is to determine what the individual’s behaviour/response will be

Question 7

The fear system is organized to receive _____ and to decide if fear behaviours should be ______

Answer 7

sensory information about the environment
generated

Question 8

What specific region is organized to receive sensory information about the environment

Answer 8

basolateral region

Question 9

The _____ regulates expression of fear

Answer 9

central amygdala

Question 10

Step 1. (components of the fear system) The lateral nucleus receives ___ input from the ____, ____, & ____. These provide information about the ______

Answer 10

sensory
sensory thalamus, perirhinal cortex and hippocampus
current state of the environment

Question 11

Step 2. The lateral nucleus connects to the _______ which contains both ___ and ____ neurons

Answer 11

basal nucleus
fear and extinction

Question 12

Step 3. Neurons in the _____ control midbrain structures that support the ______

Answer 12

central amygdala
expression of fear behaviours

Question 13

Step 4. When neurons in the central amygdala depolarize they activate the ____ to generate _____

Answer 13

midbrain nuclei
defensive behaviours

Question 14

Step 5. There are two clusters of intercalated neurons ___ and ____. ____ normally inhibits _____. The inhibition can be removed if the ____ is activated

Answer 14

ITC-b and ITC-a
ITC-b the central amygdala neurons
ITC-a cluster

Question 15

___ are responsible for generating fear behaviours

Answer 15

midbrain subcortical nuclei

Question 16

Three components of the amygdala are relevant to the fear system

Answer 16

1. basolateral amygdala (composed of lateral and basal nucleus)
2. central amygdala
3. intercalated cells (include ITC-a and ITC-b)

Question 17

The fear system can be modified by ____

Answer 17

experience

Question 18

Fear neurons in the basal nucleus are active when ______ and provide excitatory projections to the ____ and to neurons in the ______ of the ______

Answer 18

fear behaviours are expressed
central nucleus and to neurons in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex

Question 19

Extinction neurons in the basal nucleus are active when _____ and they project to the ______

Answer 19

fear has been extinguished
ITC-b cells

Question 20

What did Cyril Henry discover in the fear system

Answer 20

discovered fear and extinction neurons in the basal neurons

Question 21

It is believed that plasticity and the site of the engram during fear conditioning is located in the

Answer 21

lateral nucleus

Question 22

How does fear conditioning alter synaptic connections (Joseph LeDoux)

Answer 22

due to the plasticity of fear neurons in the basal lateral and prelimbic cortex, they amplify the signal and strengthen the link of sensory content to neurons which makes learning strong. Can still have learning with this, but wouldn’t be as strong

Question 23

What could likely be the source of many anxiety disorders

Answer 23

learned fears. it is altered in people with anxiety disorders

Question 24

Define extinction (pavlovian conditioned response)

Answer 24

term that refers to both a procedure - the CS is presented without the US, and the outcome is that the CS loses its ability to evoke conditioned response

Question 25

Define acquisition (pavlovian conditioned response)

Answer 25

created when conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented as a pair. The CS acquires the ability to evoke the conditioned response. If the CS is presented alone, it will lose the ability to evoke the CR (extinction)

Question 26

What are the two theories of extinction

Answer 26

1. associative loss hypothesis 2. competing memory hypothesis

Question 27

Explain the associative loss hypothesis

Answer 27

assumes that extinction is due to the CS alone presentation which eliminates the original CS-US association. Memory is gone, association is gone, boom.

Question 28

Explain the competing memory hypothesis

Answer 28

(Bouton) assumes that extinction produces a new associated called CS-noUS association. The original association of CS-US remains intact, but if the CS-noUS association occurs, it is just inhibiting the expression of the CR. extinction does not erase the original CS-US association, rather the CS enters into a CS-noUS association

Question 29

What are the three findings that indicate that extinction is not permanent and do not support the associative loss hypothesis

Answer 29

1. spontaneous recovery 2. renewal effect 3. reinstatement effect (instead support Bouten's theory)

Question 30

Explain how spontaneous recovery provides evidence that extinction is not permanent

Answer 30

with time passing following the extinction of the CS, it recovers it ability to evoke the CR. It does not have to be paired with the US again for the CR to appear. spontaneous recovery can occur when there is a long retention interval between extinction and test. NOT permanent extinction

Question 31

Explain how the renewal effect provides evidence that extinction is not permanent

Answer 31

when a conditioned response behaviour returns when a change of context or environment occurs after extinction. CS-US training in one environment. CS only training (extinction) in another environment, and can still be taking the environment of CS-US and still perform response! could be hippocampal based, depends on context/cues to retrieve correct memory or behaviour

Question 32

Explain how the reinstatement effect provides evidence that extinction is not permanent

Answer 32

After CS-US association is created, the US is presented alone and can reinstate the ability of the CS to evoke a CR. CS does not get repaired with the US.

Question 33

How does the intercalated inhibitory neurons help with the extinction of fear

Answer 33

(Denis Pare) identified cluster of ITC's (intercalated cells) in between the basolateral complex and central amygdala. they receive CS information from the basolateral amygdala and project to the central amygdala. When activated the release inhibitory nt, GABA, and prevent target neurons from depolarizing, they prevent central amygdala from generating defensive behaviours

Question 34

During the extinction circuit, what projects to the ITC-b to inhibit fear behaviours being produced of the central nucleus

Answer 34

extinction neurons in the basal nucleus and neurons in the infralimbic cortex

Question 35

Extinction training does not erase the synaptic connections established during fear conditioning, they

Answer 35

create new connections that are strengthened that provide inhibition needed to prevent neurons from depolarizing and generating fear. the CS-noUS association is a a reconfigured fear circuit that allows the extinguished CS to suppress the central amygdala, the CS instead activates the intercalated clusters that inhibit

Question 36

What did Rick Richardson find in infant rats related to extinction training

Answer 36

when infant rats experience extinction training, they don't show spontaneous recovery, renewal or reinstatement. There is a period early in development where extinction training can erase the fear memory and then after extinction training does not erase fear memory and is due to new learning.

Question 37

Perineuronal nets

Answer 37

in early development, nets surrounding the spines are immature = extinction training can erase fear memory when nets are mature = extinction training us due to new learning and does not erase the fear memory.