Chp 20 - GOOD

Question 1

pavlovian conditioning

Answer 1

conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus (no association originally)
unconditioned stimulus alone has an unconditioned response
conditioning causes the learned association of CS and US to create a CR that results from learning the association

Question 2

What “ingredients” necessary to allow for conditioning

Answer 2

1. unconditioned stimulus (which creates its own automatic response (UR))
2. unconditioned response which is the automatic response
3. conditioned stimulus (is a neutral stimulus that naturally has no relationship to the US)
4. conditioned response (when learning of association between CS and US, this response is created and observed)

Question 3

what is referred to as the reinforcer and why

Answer 3

US because the CR depends on the US for it’s existence

Question 4

when does extinction take place

Answer 4

when a CR has been developed but then the CS gets presented without the US, will eventually stop the CR from occurring from only the CS and no US

Question 5

what is spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

if after CR is created, then extinction occurs (no US presented) and time passes then CS is again presented, the animal CR will temporarily reappear

Question 6

what is higher order conditioning

Answer 6

after CS has been paired with US lots, it can be used like the US. the CS develops reinforcing properties because of its association made

Question 7

in what case is conditioning found to be most difficult

Answer 7

when CS is displayed after US

Question 8

types of clinical psychology strategies that use classical conditioning

Answer 8

1. extinction 2. flooding 3. systematic desensitization 4. counterconditioning

Question 9

contributions from pavlon

Answer 9

1. dynamics of CS-US relationship
2. response acquisition
3. extinction and spontaneous recovery
4. theory about anticipatory learning
5. treatment of CS as a signal event

Question 10

What theory did darwin create

Answer 10

evolution of emotional expression
(that expressions seems to accompany same emotional state in the individual) (that mental/emotional state is linked with movement)

Question 11

what are the three components that make up darwins evolution of emotional expression theory

Answer 11

1. expressions of emotion - expression of emotions evolve from behaviours that indicate what an animal will likely do next
2. signals and evolution - if beneficial behaviours result from signals, the will evolve to enhance that function between behaviour and signal so it is not lost
3. principle of antithesis - opposite messages are signaled by opposite movements (angry then angry)

Question 12

Explain the early theories of emotion

Answer 12

james lange = 1st, perception, react, feel fear
common sense view = perception, feel, react
MODERN VIEW = all are connected

Question 13

what does the hypothalamus and cortex do in regards to anger

Answer 13

hypothalamus is critical for expression of anger responses
cortex is critical for for inhibiting and directing these responses

Question 14

two divisions of ANS and function

Answer 14

1. parasympathetic - rest and digest, conserve energy
2. sympathetic - prepares body for intense physical activity, fight or flight

Question 15

the structures of what system form the anatomical basis of emotions

Answer 15

limbic system which act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states

Question 16

experiment of medial temporal lobe damage on emotional behaviours (4 results)

Answer 16

1. psychic blindness - dont recognize familiar objects or people
2. oral tendencies - put anything and everything into their mouths
3. emotional changes - didnt show normal reactions
4. changes in sexual behaviour - hypersexuality

Question 17

what 4 major subgroups can the amygdala be divided into

Answer 17

central, basolateral, olfactory, and medial

Question 18

central amygdala functions

Answer 18

(connections with brain stem and hypothalamus)
parabrachial - arousal and attention
caudal - modulate breathing
periaqueductal - freezing in rats

Question 19

basolateral amygdala functions

Answer 19

(thalamus, cortex, and ventral striatum)
receives info from all sensory stimuli
reward system and lots of information to it

Question 20

medial amygdala

Answer 20

(hypothalamus and olfactory system connections)

Question 21

electrophysiology of amygdala

Answer 21

variety of evoked responses by neurons intrinsic to the amygdala and these neurons response to various sensory modalities

Question 22

evoked responses to sensory stimuli habituate quickly unless

Answer 22

neurons are responsive to a rewards (positive and negative valence)
ex. change quickly if reward to consequence is involved (foot shock present or not)

Question 23

What experiments were used to suggest that amygdala might be involved in learning

Answer 23

CER, conditioned bradycardia, fear potentiated startle reflex, conditioned freezing, conditioned analgesia

Question 24

CER training

Answer 24

hungry rats to press bar for food, and randomly present tone which is associated with foot shock.
when press bar during tone the rat would freeze because learn association.

damage to basolateral amygdala did not press the bar less even if tone occurred

Question 25

conditioned bradycardia

Answer 25

one tone meant no foot shock, other tone meant foot shock with central or basolateral amygdala lesions cannot discriminate between two tones

Question 26

fear potentiated startle reflex

Answer 26

light turns on and foot shock noise happens and foot shock both noise and light makes mega startle without amygdala, cannot show combined startle

Question 27

amygdala damage still show normal ____ response but are impaired at _____

Answer 27

unconditioned fear response (still are clearly scared) are impaired at conditioned fear/ impair classical conditioning

Question 28

amygdala damage to second order conditioning

Answer 28

uses CS to reinforce second discrimination damage = can show normal first acquisition but not second

Question 29

magnitude of reinforcement

Answer 29

rats running down a track with lots of food at the end, speed of running is used to measure their learning reduce food and then run slower damage to amygdala couldnt do this and change speed depending on reward

Question 30

CPP

Answer 30

two different chambers and two different environments (dark and triangle vs. light and square) would provide reward in one of the chambers with inactive amygdala, cannot discriminate

Question 31

neophobia experiment

Answer 31

damage to amygdala, damage to hippocampus, or combination, control recovery, exposed to lots of different foods. control only eats rat chow because familiar and know won't kill it, amygdala damage only eat cookies because it is yummy and have no association

Question 32

behavioural systems are designed to do what

Answer 32

enable organisms to solve fundamental problems associated with survival

Question 33

the fear system can be activated by what two things

Answer 33

1. innate danger signals 2. learned danger signals - allowed by learned experiences

Question 34

What are the three major players in the concept of fear as a defensive behaviour and what did they do

Answer 34

1. robert bolles - species specific defense responses 2. michael fanselow (also blanchard's) - predatory imminence gradient = it depends on how far away the predator is to determine how individual will react (close will attack, far will freeze)

Question 35

explain neural system that supports fear behaviour

Answer 35

this system can be modified by experience sensory input is the CS -> which lateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the sensory thalamus, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus -> lateral nucleus connects to basal nucleus which contains both fear and extinction neurons while the central amygdala control midbrain structures that support expression of fear -> when central amygdala neurons depolarize, activate midbrain nuclei to generate defensive behaviours -> this depolarization and activation of behaviours only occur if ITC-b (inhibitory intercalate neurons) that normally inhibit central amygdala can be removed by activation of ITC-a cluster

Question 36

What two types of neurons does the basal nucleus contain and where to they project to

Answer 36

1. fear neurons - active when fear behaviours are expressed - project to central nucleus (to activate behaviours) and to prelimbic region of prefrontal cortex 2. extinction neurons - active when fear is extinguished/done - project to ITC-b cells

Question 37

where is plasticity located in the fear system

Answer 37

lateral nucleus (site of engram during fear conditioning) and fear neurons in basal nucleus and prelimbic amplify the plasticity signal

Question 38

What are the two theories of extinction

Answer 38

1. associative loss hypothesis - believes extinction is due to CS alone presentation which complete eliminates association of CS-US 2. competing memory hypothesis - extinction produces a new association of CS-noUS association. so CS-US association still remains, but instead the CS-noUS association takes over and inhibits the expression of CR that would usually happen

Question 39

What three findings reject associative loss hypothesis

Answer 39

1. spontaneous recovery 2. renewal effect (CS-US training in one environment and then have extinction trained in another location, when brought back to CS-US environment training, the CR still occurs even after extinction) 3. reinstatement effect (CS-US training, but then just US can reinstate CS to evoke a CR

Question 40

how do ITCs inhibit the generation of defensive behaviours

Answer 40

receive CS information from basolateral amygdala and project to central amygdala. when activated, release GABA, inhibitory nt and prevent target neurons from depolarizing and generating behaviour in the central amygdala (also neurons in infralimbic prefrontal cortex also project to ITCs)

Question 41

how do ITCs inhibit the generation of defensive behaviours

Answer 41

receive CS information from basolateral amygdala and project to central amygdala. when activated, release GABA, inhibitory nt and prevent target neurons from depolarizing and generating behaviour in the central amygdala (also neurons in infralimbic prefrontal cortex also project to ITCs)

Question 42

what happens to infant rats when experience extinction training

Answer 42

do not exhibit spontaneous recovery, renewal or recovery

Question 43

How are perineuronal nets linked to different outcomes produced by extinction

Answer 43

1. in early development of perineuronal nets that surround spines, they are immature, and extinction training can erase the fear memory 2. when nets are mature, extinction training does not erase fear memory and extinction is due to new learning