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PSY 103 prof. Vasek > Chapter 01 > Flashcards

Chapter 01 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Is the scientific study of human behavior and the mind

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2
Q

Theory

A

Organizes info about what is known about mind/behavior

  • Explains how the mind and/or behavior works
  • Enables prediction of future behavior and/or thinking
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3
Q

Pure Research

A

Study a topic, expand theory, but not always immediately useful

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4
Q

Applied Research

A

Design to solve specific problems and produce useful results

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5
Q

Experimental Psychologists

A

Conduct lab studies/experiments that try to identify causes of behavior

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6
Q

Personality Psychologists

A

Study behavior for patterns, consistent traits that define individuals

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7
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how people change with age

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8
Q

Health Psychology

A

Study of how physical illness affect health

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9
Q

Industrial Psychology

A

Study of behavior at work

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10
Q

Organizational Psychology

A

Study of behavior in large organizations

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11
Q

School Psychology

A

Assists a student, one-on-one

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12
Q

Educational Psychology

A

Use of psychology to design educational structure

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13
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

Application of psychology in the criminal justice system

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14
Q

Sport Psychology

A

Application of psychology to assist athletes in factors that help improve physical ability

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15
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

Trained to diagnose and treat people who have chronic and severe disorders (PhD/PsyD)

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16
Q

Counseling Psychologist

A

Trained to treat less severe disorders and general adjustment problems

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17
Q

Aristotle

A

Proposed a more scientific view of rules and laws to explain behavior and mind

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18
Q

Socrates

A

Proposed that rational thought needed to be complimented by inner introspection

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19
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Structuralism: study of how basic elements that make up experience (reduction to parts of behavior)

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20
Q

William James

A

Functionalism: study of how behavior and thinking helps us adapt to environment

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21
Q

[Behaviorism] John Watson

A

Psychology should study only observable causes of behavior; scientific only if study of what can be seen and measured

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22
Q

[Behaviorism] Skinner

A

Theory that reinforcement has casual effect on behavior; positive consequences cause behavior to be repeated

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23
Q

PsychoanalysisDr. Sigmund Freud (1927)

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A

Dr. Sigmund Freud (1927) proposed that unconscious ideas and impulses formed in infancy/early childhood where the causes of adult behavior

24
Q

Gestalt PsychologyDr. Kohler (1930s)

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A

Dr. Kohler (1930s) proposed study holistic perception processes, the influence on thinking and problem solving

25
Kenneth & Mamie Phipps Clark
Conducted a study of children's perceptions which was significant in the Supreme Court decision that segregated schools were not "separate but equal"
26
[Current] Psychodynamic Perspective
Assume behavior and thought flows from internal and unconscious causes * Freud: proposed parent-infant dynamics were formative * Erikson: proposed the dynamics are social and continue across the lifespan
27
[Behaviorism] Learning Perspective
Assume only external experience determines behavior; study how stimuli and consequences elicit behavior
28
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Experience is important, BUT... * People observe, think about what other people were rewarded for doing * People's actions changes their environment (select or ignore reward)
29
Biological Perspective
Assumes there are physiological (chemical or physical functions) causes of behavior and thought, especially how brain, hormones, and heredity relate to a person's behavior
30
Evolutionary Perspective
Studies genetic control of behavior and traits; assumes survival enhancing traits are passed along parent to child
31
Cognitive Perspective
Studies mental processes like memory, learning, thought, perception; assumes that behavior depends on mental ability
32
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
Studies self-awareness; assumes we make our own personal decisions • Existentialism assumes we have free will and direct our lives, and are responsible for our choices
33
Sociocultural Perspective
Assumes that behavior is influenced by society and culture * Studies the influence of ethnicity, gender, values, socioeconomic status * ADHD example: Boys more than girls are diagnosed with ADHD
34
Critical Thinking
* Look for evidence * Examine definitions and assumptions * Avoid oversimplifying and overgeneralizing
35
Scientific Method
An organized way of using experience and testing ideas
36
Hypothesis
Specific statement about behavior or thinking that is testable
37
[Data] Generalization
To apply results to people no actually studiedMay be affected by volunteer bias: when volunteers differ in significant ways from those who do not volunteer
38
[Data] Representative Sample
When sample accurately reflects diversity within the population
39
[Data] Random Sample
Ensures diversity because every person has equal chance of selection
40
[Data] Stratified Sample
Ensures subgroups are represented in proportion to how they appear in population
41
Natural Observation
Observe organism in its natural habitat; cannot ask questions or intervene in any way
42
Laboratory Observation
Create place of study that is similar to real life conditions; all participants have the opportunity to show what they would do
43
Case Study
Biographical study of one (1) or two (2) individuals; gain detail but takes a long period of time and the sample size is small
44
Survey Study
People answer questions about attitudes, opinions, and behaviors; large sample size, but the data is unreliable as people may exaggerate and/or lie
45
Correlational Method
Determines if a consistent, predictable relationship between two or more observed variable exists; there is NO attempt to influence the variables • Correlations =/= proof! ! ! !
46
Correlation Coefficient
Statistic that describes the strength of relationship (between -1 to +1) * Pos. correlations ( + ): the variables move in the same direction * Neg. correlations ( - ): the variables move in opposite directions
47
Experimental Method
Seeks to confirm cause and effect relationships by: * Manipulating test variables * In controlled laboratory conditions
48
Independent Variable
This variable is manipulated; expected to cause a change
49
Dependent Variable
The measured effect, or change expected to be dependent ton the independent variable
50
Experimental Group
Receives the independent variable/treatment
51
Control Group
All conditions are held consistent
52
Quasi-Experimental Method
Researcher looks to compare pre-existing groups that differ on only one single variable • People who have smoked [vs] people who have never smoked
53
Blind Design
When participants do not know which group they are in • The way a person thinks can cause a behavior not part of the study
54
Double-Blind Design
Both participant and observer do not know which group is which • Knowing the group could lead observer to [expect something] and therefore [look to find] what they expect
55
[Ethics] Basic Guidelines
* Do no harm * Keep confidentiality * Act to ensure people volunteered and were not forced to participate or deceived into participating * Ethic Review Boards: determine if research proposals adhere to guidelines
56
[Ethics] Informed Consent
To provide enough information so people can decide if they want to participate or not
57
[Ethics] Debriefing
To answer questions and give additional explanation of value of study at the end of the study

PSY 103 prof. Vasek (13 decks)

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