Chapter 03: Cell Division

Question 0

What are the five phases of mitosis?

Answer 0

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 1

What are the three stages during interphase?

Answer 1

G1, S phase, and G2

Question 2

What occurs during G1?

Answer 2

Active gene expression and cell activity; preparation for DNA synthesis

Question 3

What occurs during S phase?

Answer 3

DNA replication and chromosome duplication

Question 4

What occurs during G2?

Answer 4

Preparation for cell division

Question 5

karyokinesis (n.)

Answer 5

the equal partitioning of chromosomal material in the nucleus of the parental cell

Question 6

cytokinesis (n.)

Answer 6

the partitioning of the cytoplasmic contents of the parental cell into the daughter cells

Question 7

The discovery of genes on sex chromosomes supported what theory?

Answer 7

Chromosome theory of heredity

Question 8

What is the product of S phase?

Answer 8

The creation of two sister chromatids for each chromosome

Question 9

centromeres (n.)

Answer 9

specialized sequences that join sister chromatids together

Question 10

At what stage do centromeres become visible?

Answer 10

Prophase

Question 11

What are the protein complexes bound by centromeres?

Answer 11

Kinetochores

Question 12

Condensation of DNA begins during _________ and reaches a maximum during _________.

Answer 12

prophase, metaphase

Question 13

What is the source of spindle fiber microtubules?

Answer 13

Centrosomes

Question 14

Which end of the spindle fiber is at the centrosome?

Answer 14

The (-) end

Question 15

Which end of the spindle fiber grows away from the centrosome?

Answer 15

The (+) end

Question 16

What is the name of the pattern that spindle fibers emanate from the centrosome?

Answer 16

Aster

Question 17

What are the types of microtubules?

Answer 17

Kinetochore, polar, and astral

Question 18

What is the function of kinetochore microtubules?

Answer 18

Embed in the kinetochore at the centromere of each chromatid, and are responsible for chromosome movement

Question 19

What is the function of polar microtubules?

Answer 19

Extend toward the opposite pole of the centrosome and contribute to cell elongation and stability

Question 20

What is the function of astral microtubules?

Answer 20

Grow towards the membrane of the cell and contribute to cell stability

Question 21

Kinetochore microtubules are connected to the kinetochores of each chromatid by the end of which phase?

Answer 21

Prometaphase

Question 22

What forces balances the tension created by the pull of the kinetochore microtubules?

Answer 22

Sister chromatid cohesion

Question 23

What is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion?

Answer 23

The protein cohesin

Question 24

At what stage do sister chromatids separate?

Answer 24

Anaphase A

Question 25

What causes cohesin to allow sister chromatids to separate?

Answer 25

The cleaving of Scc1 (sister chromatid cohesion 1) by the enzyme separase

Question 26

disjunction (n.)

Answer 26

the separation of sister chromatids

Question 27

What is the separation of sister chromatids called?

Answer 27

Disjunction

Question 28

At what stage of mitosis does the cell take on an elongated shape, and what is the cause?

Answer 28

The extension of polar microtubules during anaphase B

Question 29

What is the purpose of the elongated shape the cell takes on during mitosis?

Answer 29

The shape facilitates cytokinesis during telophase and the production of daughter cells

Question 30

During which stage of mitosis do the nuclear membranes reassemble around the chromosomes?

Answer 30

Telophase

Question 31

wild type (n.)

Answer 31

the most common phenotype in a population

Question 32

chromosomal theory of inheritance (n.)

Answer 32

the idea that genes are carried on chromosomes

Question 33

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Answer 33

studied Drosphilia flies and contributed to the chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 34

Nettie Stevens

Answer 34

found sex-dependent chromosomal differences, which contributed to the chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 35

X-linked inheritance (n.)

Answer 35

traits carried by genes on the X chromosome

Question 36

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in males for mammals?

Answer 36

XY, XXY, XYY

Question 37

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in females for mammals?

Answer 37

XX, XO, XXX

Question 38

phenotypic sex (n.)

Answer 38

the internal and external morphology of each sex, and is the result of gene expression

Question 39

What gene is expressed to initiate testicular development and differentiation of gonads?

Answer 39

SRY

Question 40

What allows X and Y chromosomes to "pair up" on the metaphase plate?

Answer 40

Psuedoautosomal regions, located on the tips of each chromosome

Question 41

What sex chromosome combination causes Jacob's syndrome?

Answer 41

XYY

Question 42

What sex chromosome combination causes Turner's syndrome?

Answer 42

XO

Question 43

Many more males than females have it. [Inheritance]

Answer 43

X-linked recessive

Question 44

The mating of recessive males with heterozygous females results in half of the offspring being affected. [Inheritance]

Answer 44

X-linked dominant/recessive

Question 45

protein kinase (n.)

Answer 45

a specialized protein that phosphorylates another molecule or protein

Question 46

proto-oncogenes (n.)

Answer 46

genes whose expressed protein products stimulate cell cycle progression ("acceleration")

Question 47

What is the genotype of Klinefelter Syndrome?

Answer 47

XXY

Question 48

When does crossing over occur?

Answer 48

Prophase I during meiosis I