Chapter 06 Part 2

Question 1

Whar are characteristics of a malignant tumor?

Answer 1

rapid rate of growth

pattern of growth

aggresively invasive

Question 2

what is the ability to spread to distant points?

Answer 2

metastasis

Question 3

what is the original tumor mass growing point?

Answer 3

primary site

Question 4

what is able to spread to one or more distant sites?

Answer 4

secondary sites

Question 5

what is clearly the one characteristic that differentiates malignat from benign tumor?

Answer 5

ability to metastasize

Question 6

what specialized technique based on identifying monochlonal anitbodies?

Answer 6

electron microscopy

Question 7

what is the time between successive cell divisions?

Answer 7

generation time

includes time taken for mitosis itself

Question 8

what ithe time required to double the number of tumor cells or the the size of the tumor?

Answer 8

doubling time

Question 9

what is the number of tissue’s cell dividing?

Answer 9

growth factor

Question 10

wha are the four factors for tumor invasion?

Answer 10

pressure atrophy

tumor cell motility

need surface receptor to bind

chemotaxis

Question 11

what is the concepst called when tumors become neoplastic and secrete substances?

Answer 11

autocrine motolity factor

Question 12

where do tumors invade?

Answer 12

along planes of low resistance

Question 13

how are tumor cells carried to secondary sites?

Answer 13

blood or lymph

Question 14

what are common secondary sites for tumor growth?

Answer 14

lungs

liver via the heptic portal system

Question 15

where do tumor sites grow regarding arterial blood flow?

Answer 15

brain, spleen, kidney

Question 16

what are the 3 factors associated with lymphatci growth?

Answer 16

1. trapped in lymph
2. tumor blocks lymph flow
3. vascular arrangement favors tumor growth

Question 17

what is lymphadenopathy

Answer 17

emlargment of regional lymph nodes

Question 18

what is anemia

Answer 18

liack of oxygen delivery caused by a deficiency of hemoglobin or too few circulating red blood cells

Question 19

what is the function of erythropoietin?

Answer 19

principlal stimulus to red blood cell production

Question 20

what is ectpoic secretion?

Answer 20

tumors of non-endocrine ability to secrete functional hormones

Question 21

what is paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 21

swide variety of tumor related effects whos pathogenesis is poorly understood

Question 22

what is cachexia?

Answer 22

syndrome involving generally weakness, fever, weight loss

cummalative impact of multiple tumor effects over a course of a disease

Question 23

what is tumor necrosis factor?

Answer 23

plays a role in increased consumption nutrients

Question 24

what are other factros that contribute to cachexia?

Answer 24

toxins

necrotic debris from damaged tissue

Question 25

what is oncogenesis?

Answer 25

involves he fundamental alteration of cell reproduction and differentiation

Question 26

Under the concept of oncogensis, what regulates cell division exogenously?

Answer 26

growth fator

Question 27

what proteins directly regulate mitosis?

Answer 27

protooncogenes

Question 28

what are defetive protooncogenes known as?

Answer 28

oncogenes

Question 29

what oncogene is thought to contribute to half of tumors?

Answer 29

p53

Question 30

what is the process known as that produces oncogenes? (mechanism of oncogensis)

Answer 30

initialtion

Question 31

what is the role of promoters? (mechanism of oncogensis)

Answer 31

chemical agents that stimulate cell division

Question 32

what happens to cels when they are exposed to initiator and promoter?

Answer 32

transformation to neoplasm is greatly favored

Question 33

what happens when the cell is exposed to promoter first?

Answer 33

no tumor formation

Question 34

what are the two major sources of exposure to radiation?

Answer 34

1. UV rays from the sun | 2. industrial or medical sources

Question 35

what does a virus do to biological agents?

Answer 35

alters DNA of the cells they effcts, converting proocogenes to oncogenes

Question 36

what percent isdiagnosed with tumor over 55 years of age?

Answer 36

80%

Question 37

what is a ployhydrocarbon?

Answer 37

class of substances primarily derived from the combustion of organic compounds

Question 38

how are polycarbons acquired?

Answer 38

thru smoke or smoke prepaed foods

Question 39

what is the potent carcinogen from smoke?

Answer 39

benzopyrene

Question 40

in the earky days what were polycarbons assocuated with?

Answer 40

chimney sweeps(high rate of scrotal tumors)

Question 41

what araomatic amines?

Answer 41

carbon ring structures in which an amino group is linked

Question 42

HOw are these aromatic amines used?

Answer 42

to die fabric or as coloring agenst

Question 43

whatis the effect of methylaminobenzene?

Answer 43

metabotlized in the liverto produce a carcinogenic agent that causes primary hepatic tumors

Question 44

what is II-naphthy-lamine?

Answer 44

casues cancer in the bladder

Question 45

what are nitrosimines?

Answer 45

interfer with DNA replication nitrate ions react with amino acids used in canned meats

Question 46

what inhibits nitrosamine reactions?

Answer 46

ascorbic acid

Question 47

what is an aflatoxin?

Answer 47

pr oduced by a fungi of the gene aspergillus

Question 48

where do aflatoxins develop?

Answer 48

improperly stored peanuts, cotton seed, and corn

Question 49

what are some examples of inorganic carcinogens?

Answer 49

cobalt, cadium, nickel, abestos and lead

Question 50

what does nickel effect if inhaled?

Answer 50

lungs

Question 51

how do you prevent inorganic carcinogens?

Answer 51

prevention of exposure to the environment example, lung cancer and cigarette smoking