Chapter 07 Flashcards
Difference between satiety and satiation?
Satiety suppresses hunger (don’t eat again) while satiation tells us to stop eating in the moment
What macronutrient is the most satiating?
Protein
Gastrointestinal hormones that regulate food intake?
●amylin ● cholecystokinin (CCK) ● enterostatin ● ghrelin ● glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ● oxyntomodulin ● pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ● peptide YY (PYY).
The total energy a body expends reflects three main categories of thermogenesis:
● energy expended for basal metabolism ● energy expended for physical activity ● energy expended for food consumption. A fourth category is sometimes involved: ● energy expended for adaptation.
What percentage of daily calories is attributed to basal metabolism?
two thirds
When is BMR highest?
In very lean fit people and growing bodies, or people with fever or under stress
What is TEF?
The thermic effect of food is proportional to the food energy taken in and is usually estimated at 10 per cent of energy intake.
What is adaptive thermogenesis?
When the person must adapt to dramatically changed circumstances, such as extreme cold, overfeeding, starvation, physical conditioning etc
BMI calcualtion?
weight kg / height in m^2
When does on fall underweight and overweight in bmi?
over 25 and under 18.5
When does poor metabolic function occur in BMI
under 17
When is obese in BMI?
over 30
Who has more abdominal fat? men or women?
men, and women post menopause. Also smokers
What is the most practical indicator of fat distribution and central obesity?
waist circumference
What are the waist cirumference measurements for risk of CVD’s?
Greater than 88cm for women and 102 for men
Additional ways of measuring body composition?
Total body water, radioactive potassium count, near-infrared spectrophotometry, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Common methods to assess body fat
- Skinfold
- Air displacement plethysmography
- Hydrodensitometry
- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
- Bioelectrical impedance
When does body fat percentage become unhealthy?
22% for males and 32% for females
Cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with obesity:
high LDL cholesterol
low HDL cholesterol
high blood pressure (hypertension)
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of at least three of the following risk factors:
high blood pressure high blood glucose high blood triglycerides low HDL cholesterol high waist circumference
How much likely are you to gain diabetes from being overweight/obese?
three times as likely
Symptoms of Amenorrhoea?
Amenorrhoea is characterised by low blood oestrogen, infertility and often bone mineral losses. Excessive training, depleted body fat, low body weight and inadequate nutrition all contribute to amenorrhoea.
Explain the link between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome.
Chronic inflammation accompanies obesity, and inflammation contributes to chronic diseases. As a person grows fatter, lipids first fill the adipose tissue and then migrate into other tissues such as the muscles and liver. This accumulation of fat, especially in the abdominal region, changes the body’s metabolism, resulting in insulin resistance, low HDL, high triglycerides and high blood pressure. This cluster of symptoms – collectively known as the metabolic syndrome – increases the risks for diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis.
What is lipoprotein lipase?
an enzyme that hydrolyses triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, where they can be metabolised or reassembled for storage.
