CHAPTER 1

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

the study of organisms that are too small to be seen with an unaided eye

Question 2

Origin of microbes?

Answer 2

Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water under microscopes and visualized tiny fungi/algae etc. the term microbe came by the end of the 19th century

Question 3

define prokaryotes

Answer 3

simple cells, microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles

Question 4

define eukaryotes

Answer 4

complex cells, microscopic, unicellular & multicellular, contains nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles

Question 5

what did Carlous Linnaeus develop?

Answer 5

a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

Question 6

What are the two main classifications of microbes?

Answer 6

Cellular/living and non-cellular/non-living

Question 7

what are the 6 categories microorganisms can be grouped into?

Answer 7

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals (helminths/parasitic worms)

Question 8

what is an example of a non-cellular/non-living microorganism?

Answer 8

virus and prions

Question 9

bacteria and archaea are ________

Answer 9

prokaryotes

Question 10

where are bacteria and archaea found?

Answer 10

everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some are isolated in extreme environments

Question 11

fungi and protozoa are ______

Answer 11

eukaryotic

Question 12

2 examples of fungi are

Answer 12

molds and yeasts

Question 13

where do protozoa live?

Answer 13

freely in water; some live in animal hosts

Question 14

algae contains _______ pigments

Answer 14

chlorophil

Question 15

algae can carry out_____

Answer 15

photosynthesis

Question 16

who are significant contributors of the Golden age of microbiology

Answer 16

Aristotle; proposed spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi; challenged aristotles theory
John T. Needham; conducted experiments that supported aristotle
Lazzaro Spallanzani; contradicted needhams findings
Louis Pasteur; final disapproval of the theory

Question 17

what is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

Answer 17

a theory that proposed that living organisms can arise from non-living matter

Question 18

what is biogenesis

Answer 18

the hypothesis that living cells arise from only preexisting living cells

Question 19

what was Francesco Redi’s experiment and what was the outcome?

Answer 19

when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed
the outcome was people began to doubt aristotle

Question 20

what was John Needhams experiment

Answer 20

experimented with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced the idea that large animals could not arise spontaneously but microbes could

Question 21

what was Spallanzani’s experiment

Answer 21

suggested needham failed to heat vitals sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed them tight enough. this proved microorganisms came from air not non-living matter

Question 22

what did Louis Pasteur demonstrate

Answer 22

microorganisms are present in air; using the “swan-necked” flasks

Question 23

what did Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology

Answer 23

examined what was later known as microbes

Question 24

what did Pasteur contribute to microbiology

Answer 24

he disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms, showed microbes cause fermentation, demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

Question 25

What did Koch contribute to microbiology

Answer 25

studied causative agents of disease (etiology), identified anthrax, tb, and cholera, and established Koch's postulates

Question 26

what is Koch's postulates

Answer 26

a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory of disease

Question 27

what is pasteurization

Answer 27

process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria

Question 28

what are the 4 steps of the scientific method

Answer 28

1. group of observations leads to a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon 2. scientist generates hypothesis 3. scientist designs and conducts an experiment 4. based on results, scientist accepts, rejects or modifies the hypothesis

Question 29

what is the germ theory of disease

Answer 29

the idea that microorganisms are also responsible for disease

Question 30

why are microbes important

Answer 30

THIS SEEMS EASY BUT I CANNOT FIND A SPECIFIC ANSWER

Question 31

what processes are microbes involved with

Answer 31

bioremediation, recycling of chemicals, and causation of disease. gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology(NOT 100% SURE ON THIS ANSWER)

Question 32

harmful uses of microbes

Answer 32

can be disease causing, can produce toxins that cause bad odors and decay of food and organic material, can cause food poisoning and affect nervous system, contribute to decomposition and spoiling of food

Question 33

beneficial uses of microbe

Answer 33

manage& treat domestic and industrial waste, manufacture vaccines& antibiotics, hygiene in health care settings, remove pollutants, development of drugs

Question 34

fields of microbiology

Answer 34

NEED TO LOOK THIS ONE UP

Question 35

branches of microbiology

Answer 35

biotechnology, biochemistry, molecular biology, ????????