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CHAPTER 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability to ward off disease

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2
Q

What is susceptibility?

A

lack of resistance to a disease

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3
Q

What are the 2 kinds of immunity?

A

Innate, natural defenses and adaptive immunities

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4
Q

What are innate, natural defenses?

A

present at birth, all body defenses against any kind of pathogen; rapid, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

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5
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry, non specific- skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances

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6
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis, nonspecific- inflammation, fever, phagocytes

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7
Q

What is the first line of defense comprised of?

A

skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

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8
Q

What is the role of epidermis in innate immunity?

A

multiple layers of tightly packed cells- few pathogens can penetrate, shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganisms, epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens

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9
Q

What is the role of the dermis in innate immunity?

A

collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms

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10
Q

What are the chemicals that the skin has to defend against pathogens?

A

perspiration- salt inhibits growth of pathogens, antimicrobial peptides, dermicidins, lysozyme destroys cell wall of bacteria, sebum lowers skin pH inhibitory to bacteria

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11
Q

What is the role of the mucous membranes in innate immunity?

A

line all body cavities to open environment, produce chemicals that defend against pathogens

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12
Q

What is the role of the lacrimal apparatus in innate immunity?

A

produces and drains tears, blinking spreads tears and washes surface of eyes

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13
Q

What does lysozyme do in tears?

A

destroys bacteria, degrades peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall, killing gram positive

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14
Q

What is the role of the microbiome in innate immunity?

A

competes with potential pathogens, create an environment unfavorable to other microorganisms, prevent pathogens from entering host, promote overall health

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15
Q

What is the role of antimicrobial peptides?

A

can punch holes in pathogen’s cytoplasmic membrane, interrupt internal signaling or enzyme function, or act as chemotactic factors to recruit leukocytes to site of infection

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16
Q

What is the second line of defense comprised of?

A

cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes

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17
Q

How does plasma act as defense component in blood?

A

mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins, serum is fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed, contains iron-binding protein transferrin

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18
Q

What are formed elements and what are the 3 types?

A

cells and cell fragments in plasma- erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes

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19
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

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20
Q

What are platelets?

A

involved in blood clotting

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21
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

involved in defending the body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

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22
Q

What are granulocytes and what are the 3 types?

A

phagocytize pathogens; contain large granules that stain different colors, 3 types- basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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23
Q

What color do basophils stain?

A

stain blue with basic dye methylene blue

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24
Q

What color do eosinophils stain?

A

stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin

25
What color do neutrophils stain?
stain lilac with mix of acidic and basic dyes
26
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
27
What are lymphocytes?
mostly involved in adaptive immunity, natural killer lymphocytes
28
What are monocytes?
leave the blood and mature into macrophages, phagocytic cells that devour foreign objects
29
What can differential WBC count signal?
disease, increased eosinophils indicate allergies or parasitic worm infection, bacterial diseases often show increase in leukocytes and neutrophils, viral infections show increase in lymphocytes
30
Cells capable of phagocytosis are called what?
phagocytes
31
What are the 6 stages of phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adhesion, ingestion, maturation, killing, elimination
32
What are the 6 events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis of phagocyte to microbes, adhesion, ingestion of microbes by phagocytes, fusion of a series of vessicles (including lysosomes), killing of microbes by enzymes and other chemicals, elimination (exocytosis)
33
What is chemotaxis?
Chemotaxis is movement of a cell either toward or away from a chemical stimulus. Phagocytes use pseudopods to move. Chemotactic factors include chemicals called chemokines, defensins, and other peptides derived from complement. They attract phagocytic leukocytes to the site of damage or invasion.
34
What is adhesion?
The phagocytes attach to pathogens via a process called adhesion (attachment), in which complementary chemicals such as membrane glycoproteins bind together. Pathogens are more readily phagocytized if they are coated with antibodies or the antimicrobial proteins of complement. This coating process is called opsonization, and the proteins are called opsonins.
35
What is ingestion?
After phagocytes adhere to pathogens, they extend pseudopods to surround the microbe. The encompassed microbe is internalized as the pseudopods fuse to form a food vesicle called a phagosome.
36
What is phagosome maturation and microbial killing?
Lysosomes are membranous organelles containing digestive chemicals. Killing occurs when lysosomes within the phagocyte fuse with newly formed phagosomes to form phagolysosomes, or digestive vesicles. Phagolysosomes contain antimicrobial substances in an environment with a pH of about 5.5 due to the active pumping of H+ from the cytosol. Most pathogens are dead within 30 minutes. In the end, the phagolysosome is known as a residual body.
37
What is elimination?
Phagocytes eliminate remains of | microorganisms via exocytosis.
38
How is killing by eosinophils carried out?
Attack parasitic helminths by adhering to their surface • Secrete toxins that weaken or kill the helminth • Eosinophilia is often indicative of a helminth infestation or allergies • Eosinophil mitochondrial DNA and proteins form structure that kills some bacteria
39
How is killing by natural killer lymphocytes carried out?
Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors • Differentiate normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to the NK cells
40
how is killing by neutrophils carried out?
Can destroy microbes without phagocytosis • Produce chemicals that kill nearby invaders • Generate extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that bind to and kill bacteria
41
What are toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
• Integral membrane proteins produced by phagocytic cells • Bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) • PAMPs (peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin, viral DNA/RNA) • Initiate defensive responses- secretion of inflammatory mediators, stimulate adaptive immune response, apoptosis
42
What are NOD proteins?
• Receptors for PAMPs but inside the host cell. • Cytosolic proteins that bind PAMPs • Trigger inflammation, apoptosis, and other innate responses • Mechanism of action still being researched • Mutations in NOD genes associated with IBD’s
43
What are interferons?
Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections • Cause many symptoms associated with viral infections • Two types- Type I (alpha and beta) and Type II (gamma)
44
What is complement?
Set of 26 serum proteins • Complement activation results in lysis of the foreign cell • Indirectly trigger inflammation and fever • Complement can be activated in three ways- classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway
45
What are the types of non-phagocytic killing?
killing by eosinophils, killing by NK lymphocytes, killing my neutrophils, TLRs, NOD proteins, interferons, complement
46
What are the outcomes of complement activation?
cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation
47
What is cytolysis?
activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC)
48
What is opsonization?
promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe
49
What is inflammation (complement)?
activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, releasing histamine
50
What is inflammation?
nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes; characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain; two types- acute or chronic
51
What is acute inflammation?
develops quickly and is short lived, typically beneficial, important in 2nd line of defense- dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, migration of phagocytes, tissure repair
52
What is chronic inflammation?
long-lasting, damage to tissues can cause disease
53
What does vasodilation produce?
redness and localized heat associated with inflammation
54
What chemicals trigger and promote dilation?
bradykinins, leukotrienes, histamines
55
What happens in the events of inflammation?
a cut penetrates epidermis barrier, and bacteria invade - damaged cells release prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine - prostaglandins and leukotrienes make vessels more permeable, histamines causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow to site - macrophages and neutrophils squeeze through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis)
56
What is a fever?
a body temp over 37 degrees celsius, results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temperature
57
What are the types of pyrogens?
bacterial toxins, cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis, antibody-antigen complexes, pyrogens releases by phagocytes that have phagocytized bacteria
58
What are the outcomes of fever?
• Enhances effects of interferons • Inhibits growth of some microbes • May enhance the activities of phagocytes, cells of specific immunity, and the process of tissue repair

MICRO (15 decks)

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