Chapter 1

Question 1

Where does the word atom come from?

Answer 1

atomos (greek) meaning indivisible

Question 2

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Answer 2

make observations and collect data

Question 3

What is the second step in the scientific method?

Answer 3

suggest explanations (hypothesis)

Question 4

What is the third step in the scientific method?

Answer 4

conduct experiments (testing explanations)

Question 5

What is the last step of the scientific method?

Answer 5

come to a conclusion using the results of your experiment

Question 6

To verify the results of the experiments, what do scientists usually do?

Answer 6

repeat the experiment multiples times to verify the results

Question 7

What is natural law?

Answer 7

Natural law is an observation applicable to many systems (ex. the law of conservation of mass)

Question 8

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Answer 8

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed

Question 9

What is a theory?

Answer 9

a theory is a set of tested hypotheses that explain a phenomenon (ex. atomic theory)

Question 10

What is the law of definite proportion?

Answer 10

compounds always contain the same proportions of elements by mass

Question 11

What was the first “type” of chemistry that humans practiced?

Answer 11

alchemy, a pseudoscience

Question 12

What is the phlogiston theory?

Answer 12

the spirit of materials being burned that is stuck to the fire is what makes the ashes lighter than the wood and also taking away mass

Question 13

What did Antoine Lavoisier do/find?

Answer 13

Antoine burned logs in a closed container and found that the mass still stayed the same, some just got turned into a gas

Question 14

In Dalton’s atomic theory, the first law states that

Answer 14

each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms

Question 15

In Dalton’s atomic theory, the second law states that

Answer 15

atoms of a given element are identical

Question 16

In Dalton’s atomic theory, the third law states that

Answer 16

chemical compounds are formed when atoms from different elements combine

Question 17

In Dalton’s atomic theory, the fourth law states that

Answer 17

chemical reactions involve the reorganization of atoms

Question 18

What did J.J Thompson study?

Answer 18

studied electrical charges in a cathode-ray tube

Question 19

How did J.J. Thompson set up his experiment?

Answer 19

There was a positively charged magnet on one end of the cathode ray and the negatively charged magnet on the other end of the cathode ray, the stream of electrons gravitated towards the positive magnet

Question 20

What did J.J Thompson conclude from his experiment?

Answer 20

particles were negatively charged components of atoms and that electrons were just floating around a cloud of positive atoms (plum pudding model)

Question 21

What did Robert Millikan study?

Answer 21

the size of an electron

Question 22

How did Robert Millikan set up his experiment?

Answer 22

the different sizes of oil droplets floating between the positive a negative plates

Question 23

What did Robert Millikan conclude from his experiment?

Answer 23

the size of the oil droplets led to the conclusion that the size of an electron is 1.6x10^-19

Question 24

What did Rutherford study?

Answer 24

the charges within an atom

Question 25

How did Rutherford set up his experiment?

Answer 25

he shot alpha particles (+) at a gold fold and watched to see the alpha particles pass through since it was thought that there were a cloud of positive atoms in the structure of an atom

Question 26

What did Rutherfurd conclude from his experiment?

Answer 26

he concluded that since some of the alpha particles deflected from the gold foil, that meant there was a dense positive core in atoms

Question 27

all matter is composed of ____

Answer 27

all matter is composed of atoms

Question 28

What are diatomic elements?

Answer 28

diatomic elements are elements that naturally exist as molecules (2 or more atoms covalently bonded, ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc..)

Question 29

What are the diatomic elements?

Answer 29

``` H - hydrogen O - oxygen F - fluorine N - nitrogen Cl - chlorine I - iodine Br - bromine ```

Question 30

Where is the proton found?

Answer 30

in the nucleus

Question 31

Where are neutrons found?

Answer 31

in the nucleus

Question 32

Where is the electron found?

Answer 32

outside the nucleus

Question 33

______ and ______ have the same mass

Answer 33

protons and neutrons have the same mass

Question 34

____ and ____ have _____ charges with equal magnitude

Answer 34

protons and electrons have opposite charges with equal magnitude

Question 35

What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

Answer 35

The number of electrons they have and their arrangement

Question 36

What are the three types of radioactive emissions?

Answer 36

gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles

Question 37

gamma rays have ____ energy in the form of ____

Answer 37

gamma rays have high energy in the form of light

Question 38

beta particles have _____

Answer 38

beta particles high-speed electrons

Question 39

alpha particles posses ____

Answer 39

alpha particles posses 2 postive charges

Question 40

The number to the upper left-hand side of the elemental symbol is called

Answer 40

the mass number

Question 41

What does the mass number consist of?

Answer 41

Protons + neutrons

Question 42

The number to the lower-left hand side of the elemental symbol is called

Answer 42

the atomic number

Question 43

What does the atomic number consist of?

Answer 43

the number of protons an elemental atom has

Question 44

What are isotopes?

Answer 44

atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different amounts of neutrons

Question 45

What are ions?

Answer 45

when atoms gain or lose an electron, the atoms become charged with either + or -