Chapter 6

Question 1

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Answer 1

polar molecule

Question 2

What is the shape of water?

Answer 2

bent

Question 3

What can water do that makes it so unique?

Answer 3

it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid

Question 4

What happens when salts dissolve in water?

Answer 4

a hydration shell forms around the ions of a salt

Question 5

What is the hydration process?

Answer 5

interaction between water molecules and charged ions

Question 6

How do you write the chemical equation for hydration?

Answer 6

H2O (l)
ionic compound (s/l/g) ----> + ion (aq)   + - ion (aq)

Question 7

What is solubility?

Answer 7

amount of substance that can be dissolved in a solvent

Question 8

What is a solute?

Answer 8

substance being dissolved

Question 9

What is a solution?

Answer 9

substance doing the dissolving

Question 10

What does the term “likes dissolves likes” mean?

Answer 10

non polar will dissolve with nonpolar and polar will dissolve with polar

Question 11

What ion does water interact with?

Answer 11

hydroxide ions

Question 12

why don’t oil and water mix?

Answer 12

oil is majority non-polar while water is polar

Question 13

What part of oil can only interact with water?

Answer 13

the carboxyl group and the rest of the oil is a hydrocarbon chain that is nonpolar

Question 14

What are aqueous solutions?

Answer 14

the substance is dissolved in liquid water

Question 15

What is electrical conductivity?

Answer 15

the ability of a solution to conduct electricity

Question 16

Does pure water conduct electricity?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

What has to be added to water for it to conduct electricity?

Answer 17

ions and water together

Question 18

What are electrolytes?

Answer 18

substances that produce a conductive solution when dissolved in water

Question 19

What are strong electrolytes?

Answer 19

can completely ionic when dissolved in water

Question 20

What kinds of bonds are typically found in strong electrolytes?

Answer 20

ionic and covalent

Question 21

What are weak electrolytes?

Answer 21

partially dissociate/ionize in water

Question 22

What is an example of a strong soluble salt?

Answer 22

NaCl

Question 23

What is an example of a strong acid?

Answer 23

HCl

Question 24

What is an example of a strong base?

Answer 24

NaOH

Question 25

What is an example of a weak acid?

Answer 25

acetic acid

Question 26

What is an example of a weak base?

Answer 26

ammonia

Question 27

What are nonelectrolytes?

Answer 27

do not ionize when dissolved in water

Question 28

What is an example of a nonelectrolyte?

Answer 28

ethanol (alchohol) and sucrose

Question 29

What forms around nonelectrolytes?

Answer 29

a hydration shell

Question 30

What is molarity?

Answer 30

the measure of concentration aka how many moles of a solute per liters of solution

Question 31

What is the formula for molarity

Answer 31

M = moles of a solute / L of a solution

Question 32

What are standard solutions?

Answer 32

have concentrations that are accurately known

Question 33

What is dilution?

Answer 33

process of adding water to a concentrated solution

Question 34

What are stock solutions?

Answer 34

concentrated solutions which are used to make less concentrated solutions

Question 35

What is the dilution formula?

Answer 35

M1V1 = M2V2 (molarity before diffusion times the volume before dilution equals the molarity after the dilution times the volume after the dilution)

Question 36

Does the amount of moles of solute change when diluting a stock solution?

Answer 36

NO

Question 37

How do you determine if a compound is a strong, weak, or nonelectrolyte

Answer 37

is it strong acid or base? means it is a strong electrolyte is the ionic compound completely soluble? it is a strong electrolyte if the first two criteria are not fulfilled to a certain extent, then it is a nonelectrolyte

Question 38

What is a precipitation reaction?

Answer 38

involves the formation of an insoluble substance when two solutions are mixed

Question 39

The solid that is formed during a precipitation reaction is called a what?

Answer 39

precipitate

Question 40

For a net ionic equation to happen, what has to be on the product's side?

Answer 40

the insoluble product that forms a solid

Question 41

What are spectator ions?

Answer 41

ions that don't participate in the reaction

Question 42

How do you write a net ionic equation?

Answer 42

Formula Equations (include chemical formulas and states) Complete ionic equations (include all ionic species present) Net ionic equations (remove spectator ions)

Question 43

In the solution base stoichiometry problems, what do you have to consider when products are formed?

Answer 43

the limiting reagent! (convert moles of reactant to moles of product and compare)

Question 44

What are acids?

Answer 44

H+ donors

Question 45

What are bases?

Answer 45

H+ acceptors

Question 46

In a net ionic equation involving bases, what should you consider?

Answer 46

OH making the water as a product

Question 47

What are acid-base reactions also called?

Answer 47

neutralization reactions

Question 48

What is titration?

Answer 48

adding a volume of known concentration | to the solution being analyzed

Question 49

What are oxidation-reduction reactions also called?

Answer 49

redox reactions

Question 50

What do redox reactions involve?

Answer 50

transfer of one or more electrons

Question 51

What are oxidation states?

Answer 51

(or numbers) allow us to keep track of | electrons during reactions

Question 52

An element alone has what oxidation state?

Answer 52

0

Question 53

What is the oxidation state of a monoatomic ion?

Answer 53

the same as its charge (ex: NaCl is +1 -1)

Question 54

What is the oxidation number for fluorine in COMPOUNDS always?

Answer 54

-1

Question 55

What is the oxygen oxidation state in compounds?

Answer 55

-2

Question 56

What is the oxidation state exception for oxygen?

Answer 56

-1 when talking about peroxide

Question 57

What is the oxidation state for hydrogen in compounds?

Answer 57

+1

Question 58

How do you know if a reaction is a redox reaction?

Answer 58

the oxidation numbers changed and the ions changed

Question 59

What is oxidation?

Answer 59

loss of electrons

Question 60

What is reduction?

Answer 60

gain of electrons

Question 61

What are oxidizing agents?

Answer 61

electron accepters

Question 62

What are reducing agents?

Answer 62

electron donors

Question 63

What is conserved in a redox reaction?

Answer 63

matter and energy

Question 64

How do you balance a redox reaction?

Answer 64

1) Write the unbalanced chemical equation (include states) 2) Determine oxidation states for all atoms 3) Show electrons gained/lost using “tie lines” 4) Use coefficients to equalize electrons gained/lost 5) Balance the rest of the equation using inspection