Chapter 1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Digestive system
takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Homeostasis
-Maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions despite continuous changes in
environment
-A dynamic state of equilibrium
-Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
-Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of
all factors that can change (variables)
-Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish
communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Control mechanism
Receptor
(sensor): Monitors environment Responds to stimuli (something that causes changes in controlled variables)
Control center:
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
Effector: Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)
Stimulus Receptor Input Output Response
- Stimulus: produce change in variable
- Receptor: detects change
- Input: Info sent along afferent pathway to control center
- Output: Info sent along an efferent pathway to effector.
- Response: effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable of homeostatic level.
Negative feedback
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus.The variable changes in opposite direction of initial change
Such as regulation of body temperature.
Positive feedback
Response exaggerates or enhances original stimulus. Such as enhancements of labor contractions.
Standard anatomical position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Body planes
- Sagittal plane: divides the body vertically into right and left parts.
midsagittal: lies on midline
parasagittal: not on midline - Frontal: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse (horizontal): divides the body horizontally (90 degrees to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts.
Membranes in ventral body cavity
- Dorsal body cavity
- Ventral body cavity
- Provide protection to organs
- parietal serosa: lines internal body cavity walls
- visceral serosa: covers internal organs
- pericardium: heart
- pleurae: lungs
- peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store
Minerals
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
Nervous system
control system of body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells
cardiovascular system
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc.
lymphatic system
immunity, picks up fluid leaks from blood vessels and returns to blood, houses white blood cells for immunity, immune system responses to foreign substances.
respiratory system
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Exchange occurs in air sacs of lungs.
digestive system
breaks down food into absorbed nutrients, they enter bloodstream to distribute to body cells, indigestible are feces.
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous waste from body, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in blood.
male reproductive system
function is offspring, testes produce sperm.
