Chapter 4 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Epithelial tissue
covers and protects such as skin surface
Connective tissue
supports, binds, protects other tissues together
Muscle tissue
movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
nerve tissue
controls (internal communication) brain and nerves
function of epithelial tissues
-protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
characteristics of epithelial tissues (enumeration)
- polarity (look down)
- specialized contacts (covering and lining epithelial tissues fit together)
- supported by connective tissue
- Avascular but innervated
- can regenerate
surfaces of the epithelial tissues (apical and basal) polarity
- apical surface: is the upper free, exposed to exterior or cavity
- basal surface: lower and attached
classification of epithelial tissues and example of each
-Apical: may be smooth and slick
Microvilli meaning brush border of intestinal lining
Cilia is lining of trachea
-Basal surface: noncellular basal lamina
Adhesive sheet
Cell migration in wound repair
endothelium and mesothelium (just like in the slides)
- endothelium: The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart.
- mesothelium: The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
characteristics of connective tissues
-Binding and support, Protecting,
Insulating, Storing reserve fuel, Transporting substances (blood)
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands, secretions not released in ducts, hormones that travel through lymph or blood to specific target organs.
Exocrine glands
secretions released onto body surfaces like skin or in body cavities. Secretes products into ducts some examples are mucus, sweat, oil.
types of secretions of multicellular glands
Structure
•Simple glands (unbranched duct) or compound glands (branched duct)
•Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
–Type of secretion
•Merocrine– most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced (pancreas, sweat, salivary)
•Holocrine– accumulate products within the rupture (sebaceous)
•Apocrine– accumulates products within but only
apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans
Characteristics of connective tissues
•Three characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues
–Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
–Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
–Have extracellular matrix
•Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
•Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
–So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
- Three elements–Ground substance–Fibers–Cells
* Composition and arrangement varies in different connective tissues
Ground Substance
•Unstructured material that fills space between cells
–Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
•Components
–Interstitial fluid
–Cell adhesion proteins (“glue” for attachment)
–Proteoglycans
•Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
•Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
Connective Tissue Fibers
Proteins that provide support •Three types of fibers provide support –Collagen •Strongest and most abundant type •Tough; provides high tensile strength
–Elastic fibers
•Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
–Reticular
•Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
•Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”
Cells
“Blast” cells
–Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers
–Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
–Chondroblasts in cartilage
–Osteoblasts in bone
–Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
•”Cyte” cells
–Mature form; maintain matrix
–Chondrocytes in cartilage
–Osteocytes in bone
Other cells in connective tissues
- Fat cells: store nutrients
- white blood cells: tissue response to injury
- mast cells: local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms.
- macrophages: eat dead cells.
skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement such as facial expression
cardiac muscle
involuntary, as contracts propels blood into circulation
smooth muscle
involuntary, propels substances along internal passageways such as urine or a baby
Mucous membranes
Line body cavities open to exterior like digestive, respiratory, etc.
Serous membranes
-found in closed ventral body cavity
-serous fluid between layers
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