Chapter 1

Question 1

Social cognition

Answer 1

Social psychology approach which emphasizes cognition about others and social settings

Question 2

Cognitive psychology

Answer 2

An approach that aims to understand human cognition and behavior

Question 3

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 3

Approach to understand cognition by combining behavior and the brain

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A computational procedure that follows steps to find the answer (similar to heuristic)

Question 5

Bottom up processing

Answer 5

Processing directly influenced by environmental stimuli

Question 6

Top down processing

Answer 6

Processing stimuli through the filter of experience

Question 7

Serial processing

Answer 7

Only one process at a time

Question 8

Parallel processing

Answer 8

Multiple processes can happen at once

Question 9

Cascade processing

Answer 9

Task 2 starts before task 1 is done (in between parallel processing and serial processing)

Question 10

Ecological validity

Answer 10

Applicability of results outside of a lab

Question 11

Implacable experimenter

Answer 11

Experiment or is unaffected by participants behavior

Question 12

Paradigm specificity

Answer 12

When results aren’t perfectly replicable

Question 13

Lesion

Answer 13

Damage within brain

Question 14

Modularity

Answer 14

Theory that brain processes happen in set areas

Question 15

Pure alexia

Answer 15

Difficulty reading but not other language

Question 16

Double dissociation

Answer 16

When different individuals with brain damage can do different tasks differently

Question 17

Association

Answer 17

When symptoms or performance impairments are often linked

Question 18

Syndrome

Answer 18

Symptoms that often occur together

Question 19

Case series study

Answer 19

A study testing several individuals with similar damage

Question 20

Diaschisis

Answer 20

The disruption of brain areas by a lesion or injury in another area

Question 21

Sulcus

Answer 21

Groove in the brain

Question 22

Gyrus

Answer 22

Elevated ridges if brain

Question 23

Dorsal

Answer 23

‘Towards the top’

Question 24

Ventral

Answer 24

‘Towards the bottom’

Question 25

Rostral

Answer 25

‘Towards the front’

Question 26

Posterior

Answer 26

‘Towards the back’

Question 27

Lateral

Answer 27

‘Situated at the side’

Question 28

Medial

Answer 28

‘Near the middle’

Question 29

Connectome

Answer 29

Wiring diagram of the brain

Question 30

Single-unit recording

Answer 30

An invasive technique to study single neurons

Question 31

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Answer 31

The pattern of EEG averaging the reactions to stimulus

Question 32

PET

Answer 32

Positron Emission Tomography, a brain scanning technique using radioactive water

Question 33

fMRI

Answer 33

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, used to track blood flow

Question 34

Event-related fMRI

Answer 34

fMRIs compared

Question 35

MEG

Answer 35

MagnoEncephalography, a non invasive scanning technique with good spatial and temporal resolution

Question 36

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 36

Temporary magnetic disturbance in the brain to mimic lesion

Question 37

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Answer 37

A technique to run a current through the brain to either impair or aid function

Question 38

EEG I

Answer 38

Electroencephalogram, recording the brains electric output through scalp electrodes

Question 39

BOLD

Answer 39

Blood oxygen-level dependent contrast, the signal measured by fMRIs

Question 40

Neural decoding

Answer 40

Using computer-based analyses of of patterns of to work out what stimulus is being processed

Question 41

Functional speculation

Answer 41

The assumption that each brain or region is specialized for a function

Question 42

Reverse inference

Answer 42

When applied to neuroimaging, it involves arguing backwards from brain activity to cognitive process

Question 43

Default mode network

Answer 43

A network of brain regions that is active by default.

Question 44

Computational modeling

Answer 44

Constructing computer programs that mimic brain/cognitive processes

Question 45

Artificial intelligence

Answer 45

Development of computer program La that have intelligent outcomes

Question 46

Cognitive architecture

Answer 46

Comprehensive framework for understanding human cognition in the form of a computer program.

Question 47

Cognitive models

Answer 47

Models of cognition in computational cognitive science that use nodes

Question 48

Neural network models

Answer 48

Computational models in which processing involves the simultaneous activation of multiple nodes.

Question 49

Nodes

Answer 49

Basic units in a neural network model

Question 50

Back-propagation

Answer 50

A learning mechanism in connectionist models based on comparing actual responses to correct ones

Question 51

Production systems

Answer 51

If-then production rules and a working memory containing information.

Question 52

Production rules

Answer 52

If-then or condition-action rules

Question 53

Working memory

Answer 53

A limited capacity system used in the processing and brief holding of information

Question 54

Converging operations

Answer 54

An approach where several methods with different strengths are used to address an issue

Question 55

Replication

Answer 55

The ability to repeat a test or experiment with similar results

Question 56

Meta-analysis

Answer 56

A form of statistical analysis based on combination of findings from multiple studies