Chapter 1

Question 0

Physiology

Answer 0

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions (4)

Ex: considering how a muscle contracts or what forces a contracting muscle exerts on the skeleton

• cell: study of the functions of cells & cornerstone of human physiology. Considers event at both a chemical and molecular level, inside and between cells
• organ: study of the physiology of specific organs
• systematic: all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems
• pathological: study of e effects of diseases on organ function or systemic function

Can on,y be explained in terms of underlying anatomy (5)

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

‘A cutting open’

Study of internal and external structures of the body & the physical relationships amount body parts (4)

Ex: examining how a muscle attaches to the skeleton.

Provides clues about functions (5)

Question 2

Medical terminology

Answer 2

Involves the use of:
- prefixes (word elements that are attached to the beginning of a word to modify their meaning but cannot stand alone)
- suffixes (word elements or letters attached to the end of a word or word part to form anouther term)
- word roots (basic meaningful parts of a term that cannot be broken down into anouther word with anouther definition)
- combining forms (independent words or word roots that occur in combination with word roots, prefixes, etc to build a new term)
to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.

Often from Greek or Latin (4)

Question 3

Eponyms

Answer 3

Commemorative names (diseases and medical terminology named after scientist and or victim) —–most have since been flipped to more precise terms. (4)

Question 4

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Answer 4

Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features - usually visible to the unaided eye. (5)

• surface: study of general forms and superficial markings
• regional: focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body (ex head). Emphasizes the spatial relationships amount structures already familiar.
• systematic: study of organ systems (groups of organs that work together in a coordinated fashion). Clarifies functional relationships amount the component organs.
• developmental: describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
• clinical: includes a number of sub specialities important in clinical practice

Question 5

Organ systems

Answer 5

Groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner (5) to maintain health and life of organism

Question 6

Embryology

Answer 6

Study of first two months of development (most extensive structural changes in form) (6)

Question 7

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 7

Deals with the structures that cannot be seen without magnification - thus the boundaries are established by the limits of the equipment used (6)

Made primarily of cytology and histology

Question 8

Cytology

Answer 8

Study of the insides of cells (6)

Question 9

Cells

Answer 9

Simplest units of life. Composed of chemical substances in various combinations & chemical processes that support life. (6)

Question 10

Histology

Answer 10

Examination of tissues(6)

Question 11

Tissues

Answer 11

Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to preform one or more specific functions (7)

Question 12

Organs

Answer 12

Made of two or more tissues working in combination to preform several functions. Most are easy to examine without a microscope (7)

Question 13

Organism

Answer 13

Highest level of organization - made up of organ systems working together to maintain the health and life of the organism (10)

Question 14

Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

Answer 14

Occurs within the cell, tissue, organ, or organ system to adjust its activities automatically in response to some environmental change (10)

Involves para rinse and autocrine agents

Question 15

Reflex/Extrinsic regulation

Answer 15

Results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system (two organ systems that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously). (10)

Involves nervous and/or endocrine systems

Question 16

Components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism (3 parts)

Answer 16

1) receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change (ex thermometer)
2) control or integration center: receives and processes the informations supplied by the receptor & send out commands (ex thermostat)

– note: set point/desired value must be established, oscillates around it

3) effector: a cell or organ that responds to the command from the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus. (11)

Receptor -> (afferent pathway)-> control center -> (efferent pathway)-> effector

Question 17

Negative feedback

Answer 17

Effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus. Minimize change. (11)

Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation and provides long-term control over the body’s internal conditions and systems. Ignore minor fluctuations - implementing a normal range. (12)

Question 18

Sign vs symptom

Answer 18

Much like qualitative vs quantitative. Signs can be measured objectively - seen, heard, felt, etc by anouther person. Symptoms such as nausea or pain cannot. (12)

Question 19

Positive feedback

Answer 19

An initial stimulus produces a response and exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions rather than opposing it. (12)

Often employed for short-term emergency situations

Question 20

Disease

Answer 20

Also known as illness - organ systems malfunctioning (13)

Question 21

Superficial anatomy

Answer 21

Involves locating structures on or near the body surface (15)

Question 22

Anatomical landmarks

Answer 22

Palpable structures (15)

Question 23

Anatomical regions

Answer 23

Specific areas used for reference purposes (15)

Question 24

Anatomical position

Answer 24

Arms at sides with palms facing forward, feet together (15)

Question 25

Anterior vs posterior

Answer 25

Front vs back (15)

Question 26

Supine vs prone

Answer 26

Face up vs face down - think of when car ripping bowl of soup in hands. Hands must be face up (15)

Question 27

Feed forward control

Answer 27

Anticipatory reaction, improves homeostasis. - biorhythms (ex eating); do not drive but do provide timing cues

Question 28

Two methods for subdividing the abdominal- pelvic area

Answer 28

1) abdominopelvic quadrants. Four areas decided by perpendicular lines intersecting at the umbilicus (navel) 2) abdominopelvic regions. Resembles a tic-tac-toe board (16)

Question 29

Ventral vs dorsal

Answer 29

Belly side vs spine side (16)

Question 32

Proximal vs distal

Answer 32

Usually refers towards appendages - towards the point of attachment vs away from

Question 33

Medial vs lateral

Answer 33

Towards medpoint of body vs away from

Question 34

Superficial vs deep

Answer 34

Closer to the body's surface vs away from

Question 35

Body cavities

Answer 35

Fluid filled chambers that protect organs from shocks and impacts & prevent significant changes in size and shape of organs

Question 39

Cranial (cephalic) vs caudal

Answer 39

Towards head vs towards tail

Question 51

Sectional planes (3)

Answer 51

1) transverse/horizontal - right angles to the long axis of the body. Creates cross sections 2) frontal - parallel to long axis of body; dorsal & ventral 3) sagittal - parallel to long axis of body; left & right