Chapter 2

Question 0

Matter

Answer 0

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

Science that deals with the structure of matter

Question 2

Mass

Answer 2

The amount of material in matter. Physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth’s gravitational field. (In non-physics fields often treated as being the same as its weight)

Question 3

Atoms

Answer 3

Smallest stable units of matter. All things composed of. Unique characteristics result from types of atoms involved and how they combine/interact

Question 4

Subatomic particles

Answer 4

Make up atoms

• protons have positive electrical charge = atomic number
• neutrons are electrically neutral
• electrons are much lighter than others, & have a negative charge

Question 5

Element

Answer 5

Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind (because atoms are the smallest particles of an element that still retain the characteristics of that element - each element has uniform composition and properties)

Question 6

Isotopes

Answer 6

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Have essentially identical chemical properties but have a different mass. — some are unstable & break down, emit subatomic particles or radiation (radioisotopes).

Question 7

Mole

Answer 7

Number of atoms to get a weight in grams equal to its weight in amu. Same number no matter the element, but using this unit makes it easier to compare b/w species despite their weight differences

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

All the reactions underway in the cells and tissues in the body at any given moment

Question 9

Work

Answer 9

Movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter

Question 10

Energy

Answer 10

Capacity to do work; cannot be destroyed, only converted (conversion is not completely efficient, some energy released as hear each time)

• kinetic = energy of motion, easily transferred
• potential = stored energy, can be derived from position or structure (physical or chemical)

Question 11

Heat

Answer 11

Increase in random molecular motion – temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy it’s molecules have

Question 12

Catabolism

Answer 12

All the decomposition reactions within the body’s cells and tissues

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

All the synthesizing of new molecules within the body’s cells and tissues

Question 14

Nutrients

Answer 14

Essential elements and molecules normally obtained for the diet

Question 15

Metabolites

Answer 15

Includes all molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body

Question 16

Acid

Answer 16

Any solute that disassociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions – lowers pH – proton donors

Question 17

Base

Answer 17

Solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution – proton acceptor – can release OH- which reacts quickly to form water

Question 18

Salt

Answer 18

Ionic compound containing ions other than H+ and OH-. Usually disassociates completely in water. Considered ‘neutral’ as it doesn’t affect pH

Question 19

Carbohydrates

Answer 19

Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1. Includes sugars and starches

Question 20

Lipids

Answer 20

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2x hydrogen as carbon, very few oxygen. Includes fats, oils, and waxes. Most are insoluble in water

Question 21

Fatty acids

Answer 21

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. One end has carboxyl group -COOH attached to it (creating a head and a tail). Amphipathic –> longer the tail usually means less soluble

Question 22

Eicosanoids

Answer 22

Lipids derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid that must be absorbed in the diet because it cannot be synthesized by the body)

Question 23

Prostaglandins

Answer 23

Short chain fatty acids where 5 of the carbons are joined together in a ring. Virtually all tissues synthesize and respond to them. Coordinate and direct local cellular activities – very powerful, even in small quantities

Question 24

Glyceride

Answer 24

Modified simple sugar (glycerol) + fatty acid(s) Tri = energy source, insulation, & protection

Question 25

Cofactor

Answer 25

Ion or molecule that must bind to an enzyme before substrates can also bind. Without, enzyme is intact but nonfunctional

Question 26

Coenzyme

Answer 26

Non protein organic molecules that act as cofactors. Use items like vitamins.

Question 27

Isozymes

Answer 27

In different tissues different enzymes are used to preform the same reaction

Question 28

Glycoproteins

Answer 28

Large protein with small carbohydrate group attached. Can function as enzymes antibodies, hormones, or protein components.

Question 29

High energy compound

Answer 29

Consists of high energy bond (covalent bond that releases energy that can be used directly) usually b/w a phosphate group and an organic molecule - often derived from nucleotides

Question 30

Proteoglycan

Answer 30

A compound containing a large polysaccharide complex attached to a relatively small protein - ex. Hyaluruan and chondrotitin sulfate

Question 31

Glycolipid

Answer 31

Compound created by combination of a carbohydrate and a lipid component