Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (32)
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Chemistry
Science that deals with the structure of matter
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Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Mass
The amount of material in matter. Physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth's gravitational field. (In non-physics fields often treated as being the same as its weight)
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Atoms
Smallest stable units of matter. All things composed of. Unique characteristics result from types of atoms involved and how they combine/interact
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Subatomic particles
Make up atoms
- protons have positive electrical charge = atomic number
- neutrons are electrically neutral
- electrons are much lighter than others, & have a negative charge
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Element
Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind (because atoms are the smallest particles of an element that still retain the characteristics of that element - each element has uniform composition and properties)
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Have essentially identical chemical properties but have a different mass. --- some are unstable & break down, emit subatomic particles or radiation (radioisotopes).
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Mole
Number of atoms to get a weight in grams equal to its weight in amu. Same number no matter the element, but using this unit makes it easier to compare b/w species despite their weight differences
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Metabolism
All the reactions underway in the cells and tissues in the body at any given moment
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Work
Movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter
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Energy
Capacity to do work; cannot be destroyed, only converted (conversion is not completely efficient, some energy released as hear each time)
- kinetic = energy of motion, easily transferred
- potential = stored energy, can be derived from position or structure (physical or chemical)
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Heat
Increase in random molecular motion -- temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy it's molecules have
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Catabolism
All the decomposition reactions within the body's cells and tissues
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Anabolism
All the synthesizing of new molecules within the body's cells and tissues
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Nutrients
Essential elements and molecules normally obtained for the diet
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Metabolites
Includes all molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body
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Acid
Any solute that disassociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions -- lowers pH -- proton donors
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Base
Solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution -- proton acceptor -- can release OH- which reacts quickly to form water
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Salt
Ionic compound containing ions other than H+ and OH-. Usually disassociates completely in water. Considered 'neutral' as it doesn't affect pH
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Carbohydrates
Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1. Includes sugars and starches
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Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2x hydrogen as carbon, very few oxygen. Includes fats, oils, and waxes. Most are insoluble in water
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Fatty acids
Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. One end has carboxyl group -COOH attached to it (creating a head and a tail). Amphipathic --> longer the tail usually means less soluble
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Eicosanoids
Lipids derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid that must be absorbed in the diet because it cannot be synthesized by the body)
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Prostaglandins
Short chain fatty acids where 5 of the carbons are joined together in a ring. Virtually all tissues synthesize and respond to them. Coordinate and direct local cellular activities -- very powerful, even in small quantities
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Glyceride
Modified simple sugar (glycerol) + fatty acid(s)
Tri = energy source, insulation, & protection
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Cofactor
Ion or molecule that must bind to an enzyme before substrates can also bind. Without, enzyme is intact but nonfunctional
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Coenzyme
Non protein organic molecules that act as cofactors. Use items like vitamins.
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Isozymes
In different tissues different enzymes are used to preform the same reaction
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Glycoproteins
Large protein with small carbohydrate group attached. Can function as enzymes antibodies, hormones, or protein components.
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