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Biol 2520 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

State the cell theory

A

1- all living organisms are composed of cells
2- cells the the smallest basic unit living structure of life
3- new cells are formed by previous cells diving - omnis cellula e cellula

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2
Q

Schleiden and virchow

A

1 and 2 - scheildon

3- virchow

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3
Q

Describe the properties of cells

A 
1 - autonomous 
2- internally regulated
3- organized 
4- self regulating 
5- respond to stimuli
6- capable of movement
7- acquire and use energy 
8- reproduce themselves
9- perform chemical reactions
10- self replication collection of catalysts
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4
Q

Describe cell as a system

A

A cell is a system of connected organelles and structures that work together
It also shows emergent properties

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5
Q

State the central dogma and explain

A

1- info flows from DNA to RNA to Proteins
It means that the genes in DNA provides instructions for making a protein , which is then copies by the RNA , RNA uses the instructions to make proteins. Proteins perform the function and are responsible for the function , form and behaviour of cells and organism

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6
Q

What are the exceptions to the central dogma

A

1- the flow of info is different in the virus . The info moves from DNA to RNA eg in retrovirus due to reverse transcription when virus is inside the host
2- there are more than one type of RNA eg tRNA , rRNA and mRNA however only mRNA is transcribed .
3- there are also non coding RNA types eg microRNA

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7
Q

EVOLUTION TREE :-

What is the ancestral cell

A

Prokaryotic cell

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8
Q

Ancestral cell is divided into

A

Bacteria and archea

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9
Q

Describe bacteria category

A

2 types of bacteria
1- non photosynthetic bacteria
2- photosynthetic bacteria

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10
Q

Describe the category of archea

A

Archea gave rise to SINGLE CELLED EUKARYOTIC CELLS when mitochondria (Bactria) was adapted into the cells
Single cell eukaryotic cells lead to animal, fungi and archea and plants ( this happened after another bacteria ( chloroplast was adapted inside the single celled eukaryotic cells )

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11
Q

Whats the evidence that eukaryotes arose from ancestral archea

A

Due to the structural similarities in eukaryotes, archea and bacteria

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12
Q

Structure =—————

A

Fubction

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13
Q

What does the rule structure = function gives rise to ? Explain

A

Diversity of cells
Because structure = functions , there are many different functions in the cell , organelle or organism therefore each function has a different structure of cells therefore it gives rise to diversity

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14
Q

How do we study cells ?

A

A- we approach cell biology with a REDUCTIONIST VIEWPOINT ( it is based on the premise that studying the part of a whole can explain the character of the entire organism

  • The cells is similar to a working machine with many parts
  • knowing how the ind parts work can explain the whole
  • understanding how cells work can reveal so much about the nature of life
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15
Q

What is system biology

A

Computational and mathematical modelling of complex biological system that will eventually allow for the engineering of biological system

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16
Q

Cell area and volume ?

A

A - 4#r2

V- 4/3#r3

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17
Q

When cells get bigger the SA/V ration———-?

A

Decrease

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18
Q

This causes? Explain

A

Reduction in SA causes
1- decrease in efficiency of movement of molecules
2- decrease in efficiency of absorbing nutrients
3- difficulty in getting rid of wastes
Explanation
When the D of a cell-is 1 um , it takes 100 millisecond to diffuse oxygen , however when the D increases to 10um , it takes 10 million times longer

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19
Q

Cells are usually measured in

A

Um = 10^-6

Nm=10^-9

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20
Q

Whats the mag and res of light microscope

A

Max Mag = 2000x

Res = 100nm

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21
Q

Types of light microscope

A

1- Differential interference contrast microscope
2- Fluorescence microscope
- confocal fluorescence microscope

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22
Q

Describe the fluorescence microscope

A

This uses a fluorescence dye that absorbs certain wavelength and emits a longer wavelength

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23
Q

What is the max magnification and res of electron microscope

A

Mag - 10 million

Res - 1nm

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24
Q

Types of electron microscope and explain

A

Sem - shows the surface of dead cells
Uses metal lining
Tem - shows the cross section of dead cells
Uses metal lining

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25
Purpose of light microscope OVERALL
- The cells can be alive - Can view living cells by preparing a slide with water sample - reveal SOME CELL COMPONENTS ( the bigger ones)
26
1- Conventional light microscope⁉️⁉️
Look at unstained living cells
27
a- Difference interference contrast
``` Three types of optics in this 1- the simplest, brightest- field optics 2- phase contrast optics 3- interference - contrast optics Used for looking at living cells ```
28
2- fluorescence microscopy
Used to look at location and specific distribution of molecule in the cells Can also view objects even smaller then 200nm
29
a- Confocal fluoroscence microscopy
Generates a sharper image | Constructs a 3D image
30
b- Super resolution fluorescence microscope
Position of molecules accurately mapped Build image with resolution lower at 20nm Makes 3D image Allows real time / live cell imaging
31
Electron microscope OVERALL function
Look at FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLS
32
a- TEM
``` Same - cross sectional view See DNA translation Ribosomes Mitochondria ```
33
b- SEM
3-D image of surface structure | Stomata
34
How is live cell imaging occurs . Explain for auto fluorescence
Fluorescence microscope has filter to filter specific wavelength. These wavelength have chromophores which some electrons in biological molecules already have so they can emit light -Uses visible light ( for observing a molecule that already has chromophores) - small bandwidth of wavelength illuminate the sample - some molecules in cell will absorb that wavelength and emit a-longer wavelength (auto fluorescence) because they have chromophores - because only some wavelength illuminate the sample ,only fluorescently tagged things will show in image Blue - nucleus Green - micro tubules Red - likely auto fluorescence of pigment granules - natural - shown from molecules with natural chromophores
35
Use an example, how can you observe location of protein - JAKE STOUT
- protein doesn’t have chromophores therefore fluorescence dyes or probes are used - take an antibody that binds to the specific protein - attach a fluorescence molecule - Release in cell
36
4 ways to get fluorescence and their specific purpose
1- antibody tagged with fluorescence molecule( one of the 2 below- DAPI AND GFP)- to find the location of specific protein, because this binds to it 2- DAPI - a dye that binds to DNA and fluorescence blue purpose- localization , absence/presence of proteins 3 GFP - green fluorescence from jellyfish Purpose- localization, distribution and properties of proteins. 4- auto fluorescence of compound already in the cell eg. pollen grain - natural emission of light from biological molecules after they have absorbed light
37
How is SARs - CoV2 virus imaged
Using cryogenic electron microscopy This is a method for imaging frozen hydrated specimens at cryogenic temperature (-160C) No need for dyes and fixatives Gives a molecular resolution
38
Cryogenic microscope purpose
Generate 3-D image and v v small samples of viruses
39
Prokaryotes
Most abundant | Divided into archea and bacteria
40
Eukaryotes
Simple unicellular yeast cells Protozoans - simple Human and other organisms like plants- complex
41
Difference in prok and euk
Prokaryotes - no nucleus - no membrane bound organelles - small (1-10um) - one circular piece of DNA - sticky capsule - complex cell wall - only unicellular - Simple - binary fission - Small ribosomes Eukaryotes - nucleus - membranes organelles - several DNA packaged into strands called chromatin - large 10-100um - cilia - cytoskeleton - uni or multi cells - complex - Mitosis - linear dna - cell wall simple when present - large ribosomes
42
Similarities in prok and euk
- plasma membrane - cytoplasm - DNA materials - Ribosomes that makeprotein
43
Prokaryotes arose ———- Eukaryotes arose ———- Humans and Chimps arose ————
3.7 billion 2 billion 7 million
44
Cdll culture
Growing of cells on petri dish or in a liquid medium IN LAB | Helps examine the Biology, genetics and functions of different types of cells.
45
What is in vitro Example of in vitro
When you grow cells in LAB rather than in natural conditions like in body Eg cell culture
46
Types of cell culture
Normal cells from an organism - these must be given specific growth factor s - limited lifespan - divide 40x Immortal cells George grey took cancer cells from a tumor in Henrietta lacks Divide forever due to mutation in dna Used in vaccines
47
Cells in culture display property of their origins
Fibroblasts from human skin – continue to secrete proteins that form the ECM Human neurons make connections with one another in culture Epithelial cells from human cervix - form a cell sheet in culture
48
In vitro vs In vivo
In vitro is easier. When you give drugs and other treatments to see how cells respond . In vivo is difficult. When you study cells within the whole tissue or organism
49
Why is model organisms used
1- easy to manipulate 2- easy to isolate mutants with non functional genes 3 have genome sequenced 4 short lifecycle 5 easily grown 6 have a common ancestor 7 studying one model allows us to understand structure and function of the rest
50
Common models
1- E. coli (a prokaryote) –our first understanding of DNA replication, transcription, translation 2- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) – simplest eukaryote, many mutants 3- Arabidopsis thaliana – fast growing plant, small genome, many mutants 4- Caenorhabditis elegans – ~ 1000 cells, short life cycle 5- Drosophila melanogaster – 1000s of mutants, well characterized genome (fruit flies) 6- Mus musculus (mice) – 1000s of mutants, easiest mammal for genetics studies
51
Organisms and what models they serve
C. elegans– model animal E. coli – prokaryotic model Drosophila – insect model Mice- often used as a mammalian model Arabidopsis – model plant Zebra fish- vertebrate development models Zebra fish are transparent so you can deserve development stages such as the embryon
52
GFP
GFP is a reporter gene, we can use the sequence of the GFP protein and insert gene promoter to gene of interest ``` GFP seq (in red ) When the gene is expressed GFP protein will also be made - GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS ```
53
Size of atoms
0.2 nm
54
Size of molecules
0.2 - a bit more then 100nm
55
Size of organelles
100nm - 10um
56
Size of cells
10um - 0.2 mm (200um)
57
How small can Electron microscope see
0.2nm and bigger
58
How small can super resolution microscope see
20nm or bigger
59
How small can light microscope see
200nm and bigger
60
How small can an unaided eye see
0.2mm or ( 200um)

Biol 2520 (16 decks)

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