Chapter 3- Only Forgeting Cards

Question 1

Another word for chromosome

Answer 1

Coloured body given in 1880

Question 2

When do sister chromatids separate?

Answer 2

Anaphase of mitosis

Anaphase II of meiosis

Question 3

Cell cycle in order

Answer 3

G1
S phase
G2
Mitosis 
Cytokenesis

Question 4

Linear DNA with 1 arm in ?

Answer 4

G1 phase
S phase
Anaphase of mitosis
Anaphase of meiosis

Question 5

Describe chromosomes at interphase

Answer 5

Can be highly condensed and more extended because not all are paired up
Have v specific location

Question 6

What is the constricted portion of each chromosome

Answer 6

Centromere

Question 7

What is a constricted (central portion) of each chromosome

Answer 7

This section contains alpha satellite of nucleotide sequence of 171 repetitive

Question 8

Centromere is always vondensed

Answer 8

Constitutive heterchromatin

Question 9

Functions of centromere

Answer 9

Hold sisters
Bind to various proteins to facilitate cell division
Attach to kinetechors during M phase

Question 10

Explain telomere region

Answer 10

Non coding regions of chromosome at the end
Short repeated sequence 
Include specialized proteins
Forms a capped end structure
Repeat TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG

Question 11

Function of telomeres

Answer 11

Binds with telomere binding proteins
Protect chromosome
Allow cells to distinguish chromosome ends from broken DNA
Prevent chromosome from fussing with one another
Attachment of DNA to nuclear scaffold

Question 12

What happens when cell shortens and reach a critical point

Answer 12

Cellular seescense by apoptosis

Question 13

What is a telomerase

Answer 13

An RNA containing enzyme (riboneucleo protein)
It adds more nucleotide to the 3’ end of telomere
Contain RNA components and enzyme

Question 14

What is the function of RNA compartment in telomerase

Answer 14

• template for synthesis of its DNA complement- reverse transcription
• acts as a guide to attach to the telomere region

Question 15

What is the function of enzyme compartment in telomerase

Answer 15

Catalyst

Question 16

Where is telomerase present in

Answer 16

• primordial germ cells
• cancer cells
• stem cells x although they do shorten over time
• one celled organism

Question 17

Mutations in DNA can be spontaneous due to - - - —

Answer 17

Repressors

Question 18

What causes mutations

Answer 18

Ionizing radiation
oxidative
Physical, chemical mitogen

Question 19

4 types of structure mutation

Answer 19

Duplication - double
Translocation - exchange btw non homologous , in meisois, occurs btw homologous
Inversion - flipped
Deletion

Question 20

Affects of translation

Answer 20

• chromosome imbalance

- gene fussion activating harmless genes to oncogenes

Question 21

Human disease related to translation

Answer 21

Chronic myelogenic leukaemia

Question 22

Explain Chronic myelogenic leukaemia

Answer 22

Reciprocal translation btw 9 and 22 gene
C - ABL - BCR - fussion gene - Philadelphia
Leads to cont stimulation of WBC

Question 23

2 way translocation

Answer 23

Reciprocal

Question 24

Ploidy of
Human ——- —
Mouse— — - -
Drosophila————

Answer 24

2n=46
2n=40
2n=80

Question 25

How are karyotypes observed

Answer 25

Isolating mitotic cells and staining the chromosome

Question 26

Karyotypes are also called

Answer 26

Painting bodies | Single stranded DNA tagged with fluorescence that hybridizes with DNA in chromosome therefore they will also light up

Question 27

What lead to evolution , explain

Answer 27

Duplication | There is 98% similarities in non coding seq of humans and chimps

Question 28

Mutation is number of chromosome is called

Answer 28

Non disjuntion

Question 29

How does non - disjunction occur

Answer 29

When chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis I and II, gametes end up with more or less chromosome affecting the zygote

Question 30

In 10,000, 800 chromosomally abnormal leads to 750 spontaneous miscarriage

Question 31

If more then one chromosome duplicates, it leads to miscarriage

Question 32

Down syndrome

Answer 32

Usually lethal other then 21 chromosome trisomy

Question 33

Hay flick lucite

Answer 33

No. Of times a normal cell divides before cell division stops

Question 34

What is the Chromosome difference btw humans and chimps

Answer 34

A fussion of no. 2 chromosomes in chimps | Humans have lot of duplications in non coding regions

Question 35

If X and Y undergo non disjunction

Answer 35

Not fatal 3rd in inactive May be infertile

Question 36

Tellings of karyotypes

Answer 36

Sex determination in human through presence or absence of Y chromosome No. Of chromosome in any given organism Chromosome aberration ( weather there are abnormal no. ) Structural mutations Cant detect Point mutation

Question 37

Disorders associated with number mutations

Answer 37

1- Turner syndrome 45 chromosome instead of 46- lack X chromosome 2- kleinfelter syndrome 47 chromosome instead of 46 - gain X chromosome 3- Down syndrome Trisomy in chromosome number #21 Autosome 4- Edward syndrome Trisomy in chromosome number 18

Question 38

Function of satellite DNA

Answer 38

Highly repetitive short DNA sequence | Ensure stability and protection of centromere region