Chapter 1

Question 1

A scientist is classifying different parts found in the bone? what is this scientist studying?

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

A scientist is figuring out what affects the metabolism of the bone. what is this study?

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

What is anatomy?

Answer 3

Structure

Question 4

What is physiology?

Answer 4

Function

Question 5

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

Answer 5

1. Gross or macroscopic anatomy
2. Microscopic anatomy
3. developmental anatomy

Question 6

What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? What is the different types?

Answer 6

Large, visible structures.

Types: regional, system and surface anatomy

Question 7

What are the physiology subdivisions?

Answer 7

1. based on organ system

2. based on deviations from the normal

Question 8

What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?

Answer 8

Form determines function

Question 9

Describe structural organization of the body

Answer 9

• chemical (atoms and molecules)
• cellular level (organelles, smooth muscle cell)
• tissue level (smooth muscle tissue)
• organ level (blood vessels)
• organ system level (cardiovascular)
• organismal level

Question 10

8 necessary life functions

Answer 10

1. maintaining boundaries
2. movement
3. responsiveness
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth

Question 11

Factors needed to maintain life

Answer 11

1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. normal body temperature
5. atmospheric pressure

Question 12

What are the organ system?

Answer 12

1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. male reproductive
12. female reproductive

Question 12

What are the organ system?

Answer 12

1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. male reproductive
12. female reproductive

Question 13

What is homeostasis?

Answer 13

The body’s internal balance

Question 14

what is the homeostatic mechanism? what are the three components?

Answer 14

it helps maintain homeostasis.

1. receptor
2. control center
3. effector

Question 15

What are the responses of the homeostatic mechanism?

Answer 15

1. enhancing the stimulus (positive feedback)
   - less common.
   - ex. labor contractions, blood clotting
2. reducing the stimulus (negative feedback)
   - most used mechanism
   - ex. body temp, blood glucose

Question 16

Explain negative feedback process with body temperature

Answer 16

Homeostasis is disturbed (body temp decreases). 1. Thermoreceptors in the skin are stimulated and signal sent to the brain. 2. hypothalamus (control center) receives the signal and sends signal to the effectors. 3. the muscles (effectors here) receive the signal and start to shiver. This brings up body temp. Homeostasis is then restored.

Question 17

Explain positive feedback process with blood clotting

Answer 17

1. a break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated.
2. platelets adhere to site and release chemical
3. released chemicals attract more platelets
4. feedback cycle ends when plug is formed

Question 18

What is all directional terminology based on?

Answer 18

Standard anatomical position

Question 19

what term is toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above?

Answer 19

Superior (cranial)

Question 20

what term is away from the head en or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below?

Answer 20

inferior (caudal)

Question 21

what term is toward or at the front of the body; in front of?

Answer 21

anterior (ventral)

Question 22

what term is toward or at the back of the body; behind?

Answer 22

posterior (dorsal)

Question 23

what is the term toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

Answer 23

medial

Question 24

what is the term away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Answer 24

lateral

Question 25

what is the term between a more medial and a more lateral structure?

Answer 25

intermediate

Question 26

What is the term closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk?

Answer 26

proximal

Question 27

What is the term farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?

Answer 27

Distal

Question 28

What is the term toward or at the body surface?

Answer 28

superficial (external)

Question 29

What is the term away from the body surface; more internal

Answer 29

deep (internal)

Question 30

What are the three most common body planes?

Answer 30

1. sagittal plane 2. frontal (coronal) plane 3. transverse (horizontal) plane

Question 31

what are body sections?

Answer 31

cuts / sections made along a body plane. Named after plane so a sagital cut results in a sagittal section

Question 32

What plane results in right and left halfs?

Answer 32

midsagittal plane

Question 33

what planes results in front and back halfs?

Answer 33

the frontal (coronal) plane

Question 34

What plane results in top and bottom half?

Answer 34

transverse plane

Question 35

What are body cavities?

Answer 35

internal; closed to environment

Question 36

what are the two sets of cavities?

Answer 36

1. dorsal body cavity | 2. ventral body cavity

Question 37

What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

Answer 37

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Question 38

what are the two subdivisions (separated by the diaphragm) of the ventral cavity?

Answer 38

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Question 39

What is the serous membranes (serosa)?

Answer 39

thin, double-layered membrane; covers surfaces in the ventral body cavity. Secretes serous fluid for lubrication

Question 40

What are the two layers of serous membranes?

Answer 40

Parietal serosa: lines the cavity wall | visceral serosa: outlines the internal organs