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Human Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define mixture

A

Two or more substances that are mixed together

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2
Q

How is a mixture different from a molecule or compound?

A

Mixture has no chemical bonds whereas compounds do.

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3
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

Solution, Colloid and suspension

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4
Q

What are the inorganic compounds in the body?

A

Water, salts, acid and bases

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5
Q

What are the organic compounds in the body?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

Define element and atom

A

Element: something that cannot be broken down into something smaller
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that retains its properties

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7
Q

What elements makes up 96% of the body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

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8
Q

Define atomic nucleus

A

The small dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom

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9
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table

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10
Q

Define mass number

A

Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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11
Q

Isotope and atomic weight

A

The average weight of all isotopes of an element

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12
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

The isotopes that are unstable due to presence of extra neutrons in their nuclei and emit various types of radiation

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13
Q

Is a molecule different than a compound?

A

Molecule is two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Compounds are two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds.

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14
Q

What is a solution? give an example

A

solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light. Homogeneous. Solvent is usually liquid (water). Solute is present in smaller amounts. Example would be blood sugar. Glucose=solute. blood = solvent.

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15
Q

what is a true solution?

A

transparent. examples are air, salt solution and sugar solutions.

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16
Q

What is a colloid?

A

type of mixture where solute particles are larger than in a solution, but they do not settle. solution is therefore cloudy. this is going to be heterogenous

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17
Q

What is solution to gel transformation?

A

some examples is jell-o: liquid to gel. cytosol of cell is also sol-gel type solution.

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18
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A type of mixture where solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light. Heterogenous. example would be water and sand.

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19
Q

The three common ways to express solution concentrations?

A
  1. percent of solution in a total solutions
  2. milligrams per deciliter
  3. Molarity
20
Q

Define chemical bonds? what plays a role in all chemical bonds?

A

a strong force of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule or crystal, resulting from the sharing or transfer of electrons. Electrons play a role in all chemical bonds.

21
Q

What is an electron shell? A valence shell?

A

thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus. A valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom containing the valence electrons

22
Q

What is the octet rule? Why is it important in chemical bonding?

A

the octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. It is important because sharing electrons give both atoms a full valence shell

23
Q

Define the 3 types of chemical bonding and explain each.

A

ionic: complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms
covalent: sharing electrons to form pairs
Hydrogen: utilizes dipole-dipole attraction

24
Q

Define Ions

A

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of the one or more elctrons.

25
Q

What is a cation?

A

Cations are ions that are positively charged.

26
Q

What is an anion?

A

Anions are negatively charged.

27
Q

Describe the two types of covalent bonds

A

polar covalent: a bond in which electrons are shared unequally
Nonpolar covalent: a bond in which the electrons are shared equally.

28
Q

is a hydrogen bond a true bond?

A

No, it is an attraction.

29
Q

Define chemical reaction, reactant and product

A

Chemical reaction: a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
Product: the species formed after a reaction occurs.

30
Q

three types of chemical reactions and explain each in detail

A

Synthesis, decomposition and exchange

31
Q

What are the factors that affect the speed of a chemical reaction?

A

Particle size: the smaller the size the faster reaction concentration of reactants: increase in concentration will increase rate of reaction. temperature: High temperature increases reaction

32
Q

What is the difference between an inorganic and organic compounds?

A

Most of the organic compounds contain carbon while inoraganic compounds do not

33
Q

List all the major inorganic compounds and explain each

A
  1. Water-most abundant inorganic compound. 60-80% of the volume of living cells. Solvent. Covalent polar bond. Hydrogen bonding between molecules (surface tension)
  2. salts-Ionic compounds. solutes.
  3. Acid and Bases
34
Q

Explain the pH scale. What do H+ and OH- have to do with this scale?

A

The pH scale is the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution.

35
Q

What is a buffer? how does a buffer work?

A

Buffer: strong acid to weak acid OR strong base to weak base; resists large swings in pH.

36
Q

Why is carbon such an important organic compound?

A

carbon can form stable bonds with many elements, including itself.

37
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose
  2. disaccharides: two monosaccharides bonded together; sucrose
  3. polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded together
38
Q

Describe the three main types of lipids. Which is the most common dietary lipid?

A
  1. triglycerides: fats (solid, oils, liquid). glycerol and fatty acids (monomer). Fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated (double bond–healthy) Most common dietary lipid.
  2. Phospolipids: modified triglycerides. contains Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphorous nitrogen-containing group Hydrophilic and hydrophobic arrangement. plasma membrane.
  3. steroids: contains four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Ex: cholesterol (most important); hormones.
39
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

An unsaturated fatty acid contains a double bond. which is healthier for the body.

40
Q

What are the most important organic compounds?

A
  1. carbohydrates–preferred energy source by the body. Covalent; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
  2. lipids- covalent; insoluble in water
  3. proteins- the most diverse organic compounds in the body. chains of amino acids. classified by structure shape and function.
  4. nucleic acids- the largest molecule in the body. made of strands of nucleotides
41
Q

What are amino acids?

A

amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

42
Q

How are proteins classified?

A

Classified by:
1. structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
2. shape: fibrous (like collagen) and Globular (like hemoglobin)
3. function: structure, enzymes, transport, contractile, communication and defense.

43
Q

Define denaturation

A

When the bonds in protein start breaking down, modifying the structure of the protein. Caused by extreme pH differences or extreme temperature changes.

44
Q

Define enzyme and catalyst. what is a cofactor and coenzyme?

A

enzymes: globular proteins
Catalyst: lowers the activation energy to start a chemical reaction.
cofactor: metal ion that is required for an enzyme’s role as a catalyst.
Coenzyme: vitamins that is required on the active site of the enzyme

45
Q

distinguish between the types of nucleic acids

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA): genetic blueprint for synthesis of all proteins. double strand of nucleotides; double helix. Adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine.
  2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA): links DNA to protein synthesis. single strand of nucleotides. adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. three types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
46
Q

What is ATP? Why is it important?

A

Its a special type of nucleotide containing: adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar) and three phosphates. Its the energy carrier needed to power all chemical reactions in cells.

Human Anatomy (7 decks)

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