Chapter 1

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

Submicroscopic particals that constitue the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

Question 2

Molecules

Answer 2

specific geometrical arrangements of atoms

Question 3

Chemistry

Answer 3

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

tentative interpretation or explanation of observations. A good one is falsifiable

Question 5

experiments

Answer 5

highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations that may confirm or refute a hypothesis

Question 6

Scientific Law

Answer 6

Brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones

Question 7

law of conservation of mass

Answer 7

In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destoryed

Question 8

Theory

Answer 8

One or more well-established hypotheses may for the basis for a theory. A model for the way nature is and tries to explain not only what nature does but why.

Question 9

Atomic Theory

Answer 9

Proposed by John Dalton

Question 10

Matter

Answer 10

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 11

substance

Answer 11

a specific instance of matter. ex. air, water, sand

Question 12

state

Answer 12

A way of classifying matter by its physical form

Question 13

Composition

Answer 13

the basic components that make it up

Question 14

Three different states of matter

Answer 14

solid, liquid, gas

Question 15

Solid matter atoms or molecules…

Answer 15

pack close to each other in fixed locations. Fixed volume and shape.

Question 16

crystalline solid matter

Answer 16

atoms or molecules are arranged in patters with a long, repeating range and order. ex. salt

Question 17

Amorphous solid matter

Answer 17

atoms or molecules do no have any long range order. ex glass or plastic

Question 18

Liquid matter

Answer 18

atoms or molecules pack about as closely as they do in solid matter, but they are free to move relative to eachother. Fixed volume, not shape

Question 19

Gaseous Matter

Answer 19

atoms or molecules have alot of space between them and are free to move relative to one another, making them compressible. No fixed volume or shape

Question 20

Pure Substance

Answer 20

Made up of only one component and its composition is invariant

Question 21

Mixture

Answer 21

Composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to the other

Question 22

Types of pure substances

Answer 22

Elements and compounds

Question 23

Element

Answer 23

a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances

Question 24

Compound

Answer 24

a substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed, definite proportion

Question 25

Types of mixtures

Answer 25

heterogeneous and homogeneous

Question 26

Heterogeneous Mixture

Answer 26

the composition varies from one region of the mixture to another

Question 27

Homogeneous Mixture

Answer 27

same composition throughout

Question 28

Separating mixtures

Answer 28

decanting, distillation, filtration

Question 29

Decanting

Answer 29

carefully pouring off the the liquid into another container. Heterogeneous mixtures

Question 30

Distillation

Answer 30

Process in which the mixture is heated to boil of te more volatile liquid. Homogeneous

Question 31

volatility

Answer 31

ease of vaporization

Question 32

Filtration

Answer 32

the mixture is poured through a filter paper in a funnel. Heterogeneous

Question 33

Physical changes

Answer 33

changes that alter only stat or appearance but not composition. ex. boiling water changes from liquid to gas

Question 34

Chemical change

Answer 34

atoms rearrange, transforming the original substances into differant substances. ex. rusting iron

Question 35

Physical property

Answer 35

substance displays without changing is composition

Question 36

chemical property

Answer 36

substance displays only by changing its composition via chemical change

Question 37

Energy is

Answer 37

the capacity to do work

Question 38

Work is

Answer 38

as the action of a force through a distance

Question 39

kinetic energy

Answer 39

energy associated with motion

Question 40

potential energy

Answer 40

energy associated with its position or composition

Question 41

thermal energy

Answer 41

energy associated with the temperature of an object

Question 42

law of conservatoin of energy

Answer 42

energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changes form

Question 43

Units

Answer 43

standard quantities used to specify measurements

Question 44

Kelven to Celsius

Answer 44

K = C + 273.15

Question 45

Celsius to fahrenheit

Answer 45

C = (F - 32) / 1.8

Question 46

Prefix multipliers

Answer 46

Change the value of units by powers of 10

Question 47

derived unit

Answer 47

combination of other units. ex. miles/hour

Question 48

volume

Answer 48

a measure of space

Question 49

1 milliliter =

Answer 49

1 cm^3

Question 50

density

Answer 50

the ration of its mass to its volume

Question 51

density formula

Answer 51

d = m / v

Question 52

intensive property

Answer 52

independent of the amount of substance

Question 53

extensive property

Answer 53

dependent on the amout of the substance

Question 54

significant figures (significant digits)

Answer 54

non place holding digits

Question 55

exact numbers

Answer 55

have no uncertainty and do not limit the number of significant figures in a calculation

Question 56

Accuracy

Answer 56

how close the measured value is to the actual value

Question 57

precision

Answer 57

how close a series of measurements are to one another, and how reproducible they are.

Question 58

random error

Answer 58

error that has equal probability of being to high or too low. Enough trials should even it out.

Question 59

systematic error

Answer 59

error that tends toward being either too high or too low. Will not even itself out

Question 60

dimensional analysis

Answer 60

Using units as a guide to solving problems

Question 61

conversion factor

Answer 61

fractional quantity with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top.