Chapter 1

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

Question 3

Parameter

Answer 3

A value that describes a population.

Question 4

Statistic

Answer 4

A value that describes a sample

Question 5

Datum (raw score/score)

Answer 5

A singular measurement/observation

Question 6

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 6

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Question 7

Inferential Statistics

Answer 7

Methods that use sample data to make general statements about a population

Question 8

Sampling Error

Answer 8

Difference between a population parameter and a sample statistic used to estimate it

Question 9

What is a statistic derived from?

Answer 9

Derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

Question 10

what is an issue with using a sample?

Answer 10

Provides limited information about the population

Question 11

Cofounded

Answer 11

Factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result

Question 12

Independent Variable

Answer 12

Variable that is manipulated by the researcher

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Answer 13

One that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

Question 14

Control Condition

Answer 14

Do not receive the experimental treatment, they either receive no treatment, a neutral, placebo treatment

Question 15

Experimental Condition

Answer 15

Receive the experimental treatment

Question 16

Quasi- independent variable

Answer 16

“independent variable” that is used to create the
different groups of scores in a nonexperimental study

Question 17

What is the correlational method? (One Group, Two variables)

Answer 17

Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

Question 18

What is a limitation of the correlational method?

Answer 18

Does not provide an explanation for the relationship between the variables

Question 19

What is the experimental method?

Answer 19

One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured

Question 20

What is the goal of an experimental study?

Answer 20

Demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

Question 21

What are the two characteristics of an experimental study?

Answer 21

1) Manipulation: Researcher manipulates one variable and observes the second variable to see if the manipulation has caused a change to occur

2) Control: Researcher must control certain variables to ensure the extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined

Question 22

What are the two general categories of variables that researchers must consider?

Answer 22

1) Participant Variables: Described as the differing individual characteristics that may impact how a participant responds in an experiment

2) Environmental Variables: Factors (variables) that exist in an individual’s physical environment that influence behavior.

Question 23

What are three techniques researchers use to control other variables?

Answer 23

1) Random Assignment: The use of chance procedures to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group.

2) Matching: Ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environments.

3) Holding variables constant: An example of this is having on 10 year old boys participating in a study which means age and gender are held constant

Question 24

What is a non-experimental method?

Answer 24

Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

Question 25

What are two examples of non-experimental research methods?

Answer 25

1) Non-equivalent groups 2) Pre-post Studies

Question 26

Non-equivalent groups

Answer 26

One where the assignment of participants to groups is not controlled by the investigator

Question 27

Pre-post studies

Answer 27

1) Measures outcomes in a group of participants before introducing a product or other intervention, and then again afterwards 2) Researchers have no control over variables that change with time

Question 28

Constructs

Answer 28

Any complex psychological concept (love, honesty, fear)

Question 29

Operational Definition

Answer 29

The statement of procedures the researcher is going to use in order to measure a specific variable

Question 30

Discrete Variables

Answer 30

Consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories

Question 31

Continuous Variables

Answer 31

Infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values (time, height, weight)

Question 32

Real limits

Answer 32

Boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

Question 33

Upper Real Limit

Answer 33

Top of the interval

Question 34

Lower Real Limit

Answer 34

Bottom of the interval

Question 35

What does a nominal scale consist of?

Answer 35

- Consists of a set of categories that have different names - ns.

Question 36

Measurement on a nominal scale label and categorize observations but do not _________

Answer 36

make quantitative distinctions between observations.

Question 37

What does an ordinal scale consist of?

Answer 37

Consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence

Question 38

Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms what?

Answer 38

Size and magnitude

Question 39

What does an Interval Scale consist of?

Answer 39

Consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size - Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude

Question 40

What does the zero point on the interval scale represent?

Answer 40

It is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured

Question 41

Examples of Interval Scale

Answer 41

Celsius and Fahrenheit

Question 42

A ratio scale is a ____ scale with the additional feature of an absolute _______

Answer 42

interval; absolute

Question 43

In a ratio scale, do the numbers reflect ratios of magnitude?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

Examples of ratio scales

Answer 44

physical measures such as height, weight, enzyme activity and reaction rates

Question 45

Add/Substract

Answer 45

Interval and Ratio

Question 46

Multiply/Divide

Answer 46

Ratio