Chapter 1

Question 1

Dualism vs Materialism

Answer 1

Dualism: First proposed by Rene Descartes (1576-1650) is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally different things.

Materialism: First proposed by Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) is the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenoma.

Question 2

Realism vs Idealism

Answer 2

Realism: First proposed by John Locke(1632-1704) is the view that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs.

Idealism: The view that perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs. Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)

Question 3

Empiricism vs Nativism

Answer 3

Empiricism: Proposed by Locke is the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

Nativism: proposed by Kant is the view that some knowledge is innated rather than acquired.

Question 4

Define introspection and explain how it used in structualism

Answer 4

Introspection is the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers. It was used to create a map of the elements of the consciousness by structuralists

Question 5

Define natural selection and explain how it was used in functionalism

Answer 5

Natural selection refers to the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time. It was used to theorize that organisms are adapted to their environment including their behaviour.

Question 6

Wund is to Titchener what plato was to Aristotle. True or false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Outline the basic ideas behind Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 7

id - The id is the part of the mind that contains one’s most basic and instinctive drives
the ego
Ego - . It mediates between the drives of the id and the need for self-preservation.
Superego - Its function is to stop or punish behavior that is unacceptable according the ego ideal

Question 8

Define the basic idea behind behaviourism

Answer 8

Behaviourism is an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

Question 9

Give an example of the principle of reinforcement

Answer 9

A principle stating that any behavior that is rewarded will be rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t won’t. An example, giving a child a sweet after cleaning their room.

Question 9

Outline the basic ideas of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Question 11

What was the key idea behind Watson’s behaviorism?

Answer 11

That we should limit ourselves to studying what we do rather than things they claim to feel

Question 12

Explain why several European psychologists resisted behaviorism

Question 13

Explain why several American psychologists resisted behaviorism

Question 14

Summarize Chomsky’s critique of Skinner

Answer 14

Noam Chomsky believed that Skinner’s arguing behaviorist principles could not explain obvious features of language learning

Question 15

Explain Cognitive psychology and how it emerged

Question 16

Define neuroscience and explain how modern psychologists study the brain

Answer 16

The study of the relationship between the brain and behavior. Psychologists scan parts of the brain which are most or least active when performing various mental tasks.

Question 17

Define cultural psychology and explain why it matters

Answer 17

Study of how culture influences mental life;

Question 18

Describe the psychology

Question 19

Outline the different kinds of training psychologists may receive

Answer 19

PhD - attend graduate school
MD- can prescribe medication
therapists - spend most times treating specific problems such as depression, anxiety etc

Question 20

Identify the careers available to psychologists

Answer 20

professors
therapists
industrial psychologists
sports psychologists
forensic psychologists
consumer psychologists