chapter 1

Question 1

the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)

Answer 1

immunity

Question 2

What does the Latin term immunis mean?

Answer 2

exempt

Question 3

How can we generate immunity without inducing disease?

Answer 3

vaccination

Question 4

prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease

Answer 4

vaccination

Question 5

How does humoral immunity combat pathogens?

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

immunity where your body produced something

Answer 6

active immunity

Question 7

What cells produce antibodies?

Answer 7

B cells

Question 8

What immunity can antibodies be transferred between individuals?

Answer 8

passive immunity

Question 9

cell-mediated immunity involves primarily __________

Answer 9

T lymphocytes

Question 10

What can T lymphocytes do?

Answer 10

eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells, or aid other cells in inducing immunity

Question 11

immunity after recovery from infection

Answer 11

natural active immunity

Question 12

immunity resulting from vaccination

Answer 12

artificial active immunity

Question 13

immunity passed from mother across placenta or via breast milk

Answer 13

natural passive immunity

Question 14

administration of anti-venin after snake bite

Answer 14

artificial passive immunity

Question 15

organisms that can cause diseases

Answer 15

pathogen

Question 16

how the pathogen causes diseases

Answer 16

pathogenesis

Question 17

What are the four major categories for pathogens?

Answer 17

virus, fungus, parasite, and bacterium

Question 18

pre-made germline encoded receptors

Answer 18

pattern recognition receptors, PRRs

Question 19

generic molecules found on many different types of pathogens; PRRs bind to this

Answer 19

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 20

randomly generated receptors that bind to very specific antigens, rather than generic molecules found on many pathogens

Answer 20

B and T cell receptors

Question 21

How are B and T cell receptors formed?

Answer 21

randomly generated by DNA rearrangements in B and T cells

Question 22

nonviable and deleted during development

Answer 22

surface receptors/B and T cell receptors

Question 23

ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue

Answer 23

tolerance

Question 24

many of the random rearrangements used to create B- and T-cell receptors could be _________

Answer 24

anti-self

Question 25

How does tolerance help?

Answer 25

it keeps anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in the bloodstream

Question 26

describe innate immune response

Answer 26

-first line of defense -fast, but nonspecific -uses germ-line-encoded recognition molecules -uses phagocytic cells

Question 27

describe adaptive immune system

Answer 27

-humoral and cell mediated (B and T) -slower to develop -use randomly generated antigen receptors -high specific to individual antigen molecules

Question 28

How do innate and adaptive immunity work cooperatively?

Answer 28

-activation of innate immune response produces signal molecules (cytokines) -these signal molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses

Question 29

What is the hallmark of adaptive immunity?

Answer 29

memory

Question 30

What is the primary response (adaptive immunity)?

Answer 30

-initiated upon first exposure to an antigen -memory lymphocytes are left behind after antigen is cleared

Question 31

What is the secondary response (adaptive immunity)?

Answer 31

-second exposure to same antigen re-stimulates memory lymphocytes -reactivation yields faster, more significant, better response

Question 32

What is the response time for innate vs adaptive immunity?

Answer 32

-innate: minutes to hours -adaptive: days

Question 33

What is the difference in specificity between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 33

innate is limited and fixed while adaptive is highly diverse and adapts to improve during the course of the immune response

Question 34

What is the response from innate immunity to the repeat infection?

Answer 34

the response is the same each time

Question 35

What are the major components of the innate immunity?

Answer 35

barriers, phagocytes, and pattern recognition molecules

Question 36

What are the major components of the adaptive immunity?

Answer 36

T and B lymphocytes, antigen-specific receptors, and antibodies

Question 37

What are some examples of overly active or misdirected immune symptoms?

Answer 37

-allergies/asthma -autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease)

Question 38

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 38

primary is genetic loss and secondary is acquired loss

Question 39

opportunistic infections?

Answer 39

can occur in people with impaired immune response ex. oral thrush

Question 40

What is the rare case with transplanted tissues and immunity?

Answer 40

The body wants to attack the foreign tissue and destroy it so we want to avoid an immune response in this case

Question 41

Why is cancer hard to generate immunity against?

Answer 41

the dangerous cells we want to target are our own self-cells

Question 42

the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen exposed individual

Answer 42

Antiserum

Question 43

What is the clonal selection theory?

Answer 43

an individual T or B cell expresses many copies of a membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen