chapter 2

Question 1

have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells

Answer 1

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Question 2

Why type of HSC do red and white blood cells develop from during hematopoiesis?

Answer 2

pluripotent

Question 3

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adult vertebrates?

Answer 3

bone marrow

Question 4

What are the 4 main types of cells that develop from common myeloid progenitors?

Answer 4

RBC, monocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes

Question 5

Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages―function to repair/remodel, destroy pathogens, present antigens

Answer 5

monocytes

Question 6

HIGH degree of function as “ingesters” of antigens, followed by presentation to naïve T lymphocytes for initial activation

Answer 6

dendritic cells

Question 7

granulocytes that cause harm to pathogens

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

granulocytes that promote inflammation/allergies

Answer 8

basophils/mast cells

Question 9

granulocytes that function in antiviral/antiparasite activity

Answer 9

eosinophils

Question 10

What are some common characteristics of granulocytes?

Answer 10

-all have multilobed nuclei
-their cytoplasm is replete with granules

Question 11

What is the function of megakaryocytes?

Answer 11

to form platelets

Question 12

cell fragments placed into circulation for
clotting

Answer 12

platelets

Question 13

what are macrophages and neutrophils specialized for?

Answer 13

phagocytosis

Question 14

how do macrophages present antigens to T cells?

Answer 14

via Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules

Question 15

Immature _______________ capture antigen, then mature
and migrate out of that location to another to present
antigen to ____________ cells

Answer 15

-dendritic cells
-B cells

Question 16

What are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) for
activating naïve T cells?

Answer 16

dendritic cells

Question 17

What are the three main types of cells develop from the common lymphoid progenitor?

Answer 17

-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes (NKT)
-natural killer cells

Question 18

Cell membrane proteins expressed by cells of the
immune system are referred to by _________________nomenclature

Answer 18

cluster of differentiation (CD)

Question 19

CD3?

Answer 19

Signal transduction element of T-cell receptor

Question 20

CD4?

Answer 20

-helper T cells
-Adhesion molecule that binds to MHC class II molecules;
signal transduction

Question 21

CD8?

Answer 21

-cytotoxic T cells
-Adhesion molecule that binds to MHC class I molecules; signal
transduction

Question 22

CD19?

Answer 22

-B cells
-Signal transduction; CD21 coreceptor

Question 23

CD28?

Answer 23

-T cells
-Receptor for costimulatory B7 molecule on antigen-presenting
cells

Question 24

What are primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 24

where immune cells develop—bone marrow and thymus

Question 25

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 25

where the immune response is initiated

Question 26

What happens during embryogenesis and the fetal site?

Answer 26

blood cell formation shifts from site to site

Question 27

Where does hematopoeisis begin?

Answer 27

the yolk sac

Question 28

Where do fetal HSCs arise?

Answer 28

near the kidney

Question 29

Mature HSCs capable of populating the hematopoietic system can be isolated from__________________

Answer 29

yolk sac, placenta, and fetal liver

Question 30

When do HSCs ultimately populate the bone marrow?

Answer 30

postnatally

Question 31

B lymphocytes develop in contact with the ___________cells of the bone marrow

Answer 31

stromal

Question 32

facilitate HSC proliferation, direct migration, and stimulate differentiation

Answer 32

stromal cells

Question 33

Where do T cells develop and mature?

Answer 33

develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus

Question 34

The microenvironment of the ________________directs stepwise changes in thymocytes

Answer 34

thymic cortex and medulla

Question 35

cells with immune functions

Answer 35

effector cells

Question 36

What are the secondary lymphoid organ areas?

Answer 36

-lymph nodes -spleen -mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) -other diffuse and loosely organized areas

Question 37

How are the secondary lymphoid organ areas connected to each other?

Answer 37

via the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems

Question 38

What are the most highly organized secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 38

lymph nodes and spleen

Question 39

What are the two distinct microenvironements that B-cell and T-cell activity is separated into?

Answer 39

cortex and paracortex

Question 40

Where are macrophages and dendritic cells found?

Answer 40

the innermost lymph node medulla

Question 41

in which vessel does the antigen enter?

Answer 41

afferent

Question 42

Naïve lymphocytes enter by the_________________, lymphocytes exit via the __________ vessel

Answer 42

- High Endothelial Venule (HEV) -efferent

Question 43

guides T cells and APCs toward activation interactions

Answer 43

fibroblastic reticular cell conduit (FRCC)

Question 44

where does differentiation into effector cells and memory cells take place?

Answer 44

in follicles of secondary lymphoid organs

Question 45

where do B cells undergo clonal expansion?

Answer 45

in germinal centers

Question 46

What is the first line of defense against bloodborne pathogens?

Answer 46

the spleen

Question 47

red blood cells are _____________in red pulp

Answer 47

compartmentalized

Question 48

white blood cells are __________________in white pulp

Answer 48

segregated

Question 49

a specialized region of macrophages and B cells that border the white pulp

Answer 49

the marginal zone

Question 50

- Important layer of defense against infection at mucosal and epithelial layers -organizes responses to antigens that enter mucosal tissues

Answer 50

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 51

a network of follicles and lymphoid microenvironments associated with the intestines

Answer 51

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)