chapter 4

Question 1

Should those barriers be breached, innate immune system receptors recognize the threat via:

Answer 1

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found on
microbes

Question 2

Aging, dead, or damaged self-structures can also be recognized via:

Answer 2

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs

Question 3

recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and target
them for clearance

Answer 3

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 4

Specific for molecules and molecular patterns
associated with pathogens and molecules produced by
dead/damaged cells

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

Highly specific; discriminates between even minor differences
in molecular structure of microbial or nonmicrobial molecules

Answer 5

adaptive

Question 6

A limited number of conserved, germ line–encoded receptors

Answer 6

innate

Question 7

Highly diverse; a very large number of receptors arising from
genetic recombination of receptor genes in each individual

Answer 7

adaptive

Question 8

Some memory (observed in invertebrate innate responses and mouse/human NK cells)

Answer 8

innate

Question 9

Persistent memory, with faster response of greater magnitude
on subsequent exposure

Answer 9

adaptive

Question 10

Very good self/nonself discrimination; no microbe-specific self/nonself patterns in host

Answer 10

innate

Question 11

Very good self/nonself discrimination; occasional failures of discrimination result in autoimmune disease

Answer 11

adaptive

Question 12

Soluble components of blood: Many antimicrobial peptides, proteins, and other mediators, including cytokines

Answer 12

innate

Question 13

Soluble components of blood: antibodies and cytokines

Answer 13

adaptive

Question 14

major cell types: phagocytes, NK cells, leukocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells

Answer 14

innate

Question 15

major cell types: T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells

Answer 15

adaptive

Question 16

What are the PAMP ligands recognized by innate PRRs?

Answer 16

1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
2. C-type lectin receptor (CLR)
3. AIM2-like receptors (ALR)
4. RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)
5. NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Question 17

-recognize many types of pathogen molecules
-homologous to fruit fly receptor
-dimers with extracellular leucine-rich (LRR) domains that bind PAMPs and DAMPs
-membrane bound

Answer 17

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 18

what helps determine what each TLR will bind?

Answer 18

location

Question 19

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR3?

Answer 19

double-stranded RNA and viruses

Question 20

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR4?

Answer 20

LPS and gram-negative bacteria

Question 21

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR5?

Answer 21

flagellin and bacteria

Question 22

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR7?

Answer 22

single stranded RNA and viruses

Question 23

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR8?

Answer 23

viruses

Question 24

What ligand and microbe is recognized by TLR9?

Answer 24

CpG unmethylated dinucleotides and bacterial DNA/ some herpesviruses

Question 25

Different TLRs recruit different adapter proteins to the_______________

Answer 25

Toll/IL-1R domain

Question 26

Different TLRs recruit different adapter proteins to the

Answer 26

Toll/IL-1R domain

Question 27

WHat are the TLR binding pathways activated by binding of PAMPs?

Answer 27

- NF-κB transcription factor activation - Interferon regulating factor (IRF) pathways - MAP kinase pathway downstream transcription factors such as AP-1

Question 28

- activate innate and inflammatory responses - generally recognize carbohydrate components of fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, parasites, allergens -trigger signaling pathways leading to transcription -Transcription factors induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-23

Answer 28

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

Question 29

cytosolic receptors that bind bacterial and viral double-stranded DNA

Answer 29

AIM2-like receptors (ALRs)

Question 30

Binding of multiple _________________ via pyrin domains yields long filaments that together with other cellular proteins form inflammasomes

Answer 30

ALRs to dsDNA

Question 31

multiprotein complex that promotes inflammation by processing precursor forms of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-18

Answer 31

infalmmasome

Question 32

- (RIG-I and MDA5 ) recognize viral double-stranded RNAs - RNA bound by ____ helicase domain -Function as cytosolic PRRs

Answer 32

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 33

What activates cGAS and STING?

Answer 33

cytosolic DNA and dinucleotides

Question 34

RLRs trigger signaling pathways that activate:

Answer 34

-IRFs to trigger antiviral interferon responses - NF-κB transcription factor

Question 35

bind PAMPs, diaminopimelic acid and muramyl peptides, of bacterial cell walls

Answer 35

NOD1 and NOD2

Question 36

-activated by PAMPs and DAMPs -Induce expression of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins and peptides -Initiate autophagy by forming autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes to then kill bacteria

Answer 36

Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor receptors (NLR)

Question 37

limination of intracellular pathogens and organelles by envelopment by intracellular membranes and fusion of resulting autophagosomes with lysosomes.

Answer 37

Autophagy

Question 38

PRR signaling pathways activate expression of a large variety of genes (innate):

Answer 38

* Antimicrobial peptides * Type I interferons (potent antiviral activity) * Cytokines (inflammatory IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) * Chemokines * Enzymes: iNOS and COX2

Question 39

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

Answer 39

Defined as engulfment and internalization of materials such as microbes for their clearance and destruction

Question 40

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 40

1. bacterium binds to PRRs on membrane evaginations called pseudopodia 2. bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome 3. phagosome fuses with lysosome 4. bacterium is killed and then digested by low pH-activated lysosomal enzymes 5. digestion products are released from cell

Question 41

How does destruction occur through phagocytosis?

Answer 41

enzyme degradation, antimicrobial proteins, and toxic effects of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS)

Question 42

Proinflammatory ___________________triggered by innate responses to infection, damage, or harmful substances

Answer 42

cytokines and chemokines

Question 43

Early components of inflammation include:

Answer 43

-Increased vascular permeability -Recruitment of neutrophils and other leukocytes from the blood to the site of damage/infection

Question 44

Why is regulation and control of inflammatory responses important?

Answer 44

-Defects in PRRs and signaling pathways increase susceptibility to infections -Defects that allow the systems to remain abnormally “turned on” contribute to inflammatory disorders

Question 45

some lymphocytes express TLRs but use them as _____________

Answer 45

costimulatory receptors

Question 46

-a key bridge between innate and adaptive -They bring antigens from the site of infection and present them to T cells in lymph nodes -This activates the T cells, allowing them to differentiate into particular pathogen-specific subsets for the best antigen clearance

Answer 46

dendritic cells