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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of all aspects of nervous system function (molecular, cellular, cognitive systems)

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2
Q

What 7 parts make up a nervous system?

A

Genes, molecules, cells, synaptic connections, neural circuits, behavioral circuit systems, cognitive input

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3
Q

Neurologist is…

A

an MD trained to diagnose and treat disease of the nervous system

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4
Q

Psychiatrist is…

A

an MD trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and behavior

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5
Q

Neurosurgeon

A

an MD trained to perform surgery on the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Neuropathologist is…

A

an MD or PHD trained to recognize the changes in nervous tissue that result from disease

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7
Q

Developmental Neurobiologist…

A

analyzes the development and maturation of the brain

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8
Q

Molecular neurobiologist…

A

uses the genetic material of neurons to understand the structure and function of brain molecules

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9
Q

Neuroanatomist…

A

studies the structure of the nervous sytsem

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10
Q

Neurochemist…

A

studies the chemistry of the nervous sytem

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11
Q

Neuroethologist…

A

studies the neural basis of species-specific animal behaviors in natural settings

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12
Q

Neuropharmacologist…

A

examines the effects of drugs on the nervous system

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13
Q

Neurophysiologist

A

measures the electrical activity of the nervous system…

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14
Q

Physiological psychologist (biological psychologist, psychobiologist)

A

studies the biological basis of behavior

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15
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by dementia and always fatal

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16
Q

Autism

A

A disorder emerging in early childhood characterized by impairments in communication and social interactions, and restricted repetitive behaviors

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17
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

A motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth

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18
Q

Depression

A

A serious disorder of mood, characterized by insomnia, loss of appetite, and feelings of dejection

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19
Q

Epilepsy

A

A condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances

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20
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

A progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance

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21
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive disease of the brain that leads to difficulty in initiating voluntary movement

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22
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior

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23
Q

Spinal paralysis

A

A loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord

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24
Q

Stroke

A

A loss of brain function caused by disruption of the blood supply, usually leading to permanent sensory, motor, or cognitive deficit

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25
What are the two main divisions of the mammalian nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
26
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
27
What is the brain comprised of?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
28
What is the function of the cerebrum?
It receives sensation from and controls movement of left side of the body, and vice versa
29
Where is the cerebrum located?
Right hemisphere
30
What is the function of the cerebellum?
It's the movement control center; the left hemisphere controls the left side of the body, right controls right
31
What is the function of the brain stem?
It relays information from cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum, and vice versa - It also controls vital functions, breathing, consciousness, and control of body temperature
32
Due to neocortical evolution, what has evolved?
1. Cortex amount has evolved, but not structure 2. Primary sensory areas, secondary sensory areas, & motor areas have evolved 3. Association areas of cortex - higher order complex processing
33
What are some common features of cerebral cortex in vertebrates?
- Cell bodies in layers or sheets - Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I - Apical dendrites from multiple branches
34
What cortical regions are associated with defined processes?
1. Motor cortex 2. Visual cortex 3. Auditory cortex 4. Somatosensory cortex 5. Prefrontal cortex - cognitive processing
35
What is the meninges?
The meninges are three layers of membranes that surround the brain
36
What does the meninges consist of?
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
37
What is the subarachnoid space?
It is in the meninges and is filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
38
What does the ventricular system consist of?
Ventricles and the choroid plexus
39
What are ventricles?
Ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid filled caverns and canals inside the brain
40
What is the choroid plexus?
The choroid plexus is specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF
41
What does the choroid plexus consist of?
The choroid plexus consists of of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells - Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid
42
What is the movement of CSF through ventricles?
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through ventricles; absorbed in subarachnoid space at small openings near the cerebellum - brain stem intersection
43
What occurs when there is cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space?
CSF in subarachnoid space is absorbed back into the blood
44
Vertebrae in the CNS
45
Where is the spinal cord located?
The spinal cord is attached to the brain stem
46
The spinal cord is know as the...
the conduit of information (brain-body connection)
47
The spinal cord attaches to...
The skin, joints, and muscles
48
What are the two spinal roots?
The dorsal root and the ventral root
49
What comprises the dorsal root?
Sensory fibers (cell body outside the CNS)
50
What comprises the ventral root?
Outgoing motor fibers (cell body inside CNS, but project axons to the PNS)
51
What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
52
What does the somatic nervous system consist of?
Somatic motor and somatic sensory
53
What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
54
What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
The CNS is outside the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system is internal and deal with organs, skin, etc.
55
What does the somatic PNS focus on?
Skin, joints, and muscles
56
What does the autonomic PNS focus on?
Internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
57
How does the ventral root contribute to the PNS?
The ventral root is outgoing motor fibers and project axons from the CNS to the PNS
58
What is the dorsal root ganglia?
The dorsal root ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons
59
What are afferent nerves?
Afferent ("carry to") nerves carry information toward a particular point
60
What are efferent nerves?
Efferent ("carry from") nerves carry information away from a point
61
What does the somatic nervous system consist of?
The somatic nervous system consists of all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, the joints and the muscles that are under voluntary control (command the skeletal muscles)
62
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
The autonomic nervous system innervates glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (the viscera)
63
What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?
The ANS has both sensory and motor components
64
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have ____ properties
Antagonistic
65
What is computed tomography?
Computed tomography is a non-invasive imaging approach created by Hounsfields and Cormack - It generates an image of a brain slice - Gradually being replaced by MRI
66
What is the process of using computed tomography?
In CT, x-ray beams are used to generate data for a digitally reconstructed image - CT scans non-invasively revealed for the first time the gross organization of gray and white matter and the position of ventricles
67
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
MRI is based on how hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field - Signals are mapped by computers to create imagery
68
What are the advantages of MRI over CT?
MRI: - Provides more detail - Does not require X-Irradiation - Brain slice imagine in any angle
69
What is functional brain imaging (fMRI)?
fMRI detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain - Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, thus more blood to active regions - Techniques detect changes in blood flow

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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