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Neuroscience > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the neurobiology of memory?

A

Identifying where and how different types of information are stores

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2
Q

What is Hebbian Plasticity (Hebb)

A

The concept that memory results from synaptic modifications

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3
Q

How do we acquire a short term memory?

A
  • Physical modification of brain caused by incoming sensory information
  • Modifying synaptic transmission between neurons
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4
Q

How do we consolidate a long-term memory?

A
  • Requires new gene expression and protein synthesis
  • Protein synthesis inhibitors: deficits in learning and memory
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5
Q

What does the neural network model show us?

A

Unique pattern or ratio of activity of neuronal activity
- Distributed memory
- No single neuron represents specific memory
*Advantage: Memories survive damage to individual neurons

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6
Q

Physical change of memory leads to….

A

Modification of synaptic weight

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7
Q

Gradual neuron loss leads to…

A

Graceful degradation of memories

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8
Q

Patient Henry Molaison (H.M)

A
  • 1926-2008
  • Start developing seizures at the age of 10, becoming progressively more frequent and severe with age including convulsions, tongue biting, and loss of consciousness
  • In 1953 at age 27, surgical procedure was performed, removing 8 cm length of the medial temporal lobe including the cortex, underlying amygdala, and 2/3s of the hippocampus
  • Surgery was successful in alleviating seizures, but left him with severe anterograde amnesia and inability to form new memories
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9
Q

What 2 components does synaptic plasticity consist of?

A
  1. Long-term potentiation (LTP)
  2. Long-term depression (LTD)
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10
Q

What is the trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus?

A
  1. Entorhinal cortex-> dentate gyrus (perforant path) synapses
  2. Dentate gyrus->CA3 (mossy fiber) synapses
  3. CA3-> CA1 (Schaffer collateral) synapses
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11
Q

What do glutamate receptors mediate?

A

Excitatory synaptic transmission
- NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors

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12
Q

Calcium influx through NMDA receptors triggers alteration in AMPA receptors. What is the sequence of events of this?

A
  1. Activation of kinases that phosphorylate AMPA receptors already at the synapse (this increases permeability)
  2. Calcium mediated insertion of additional AMPA receptors at the synapse
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13
Q

What produces homosynaptic long term depression (LTD)?

A

Low frequency electrical stimulation (tetanus - 1 Hz) of excitatory pathway

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14
Q

There are two forms of homosynaptic LTD receptors at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse. What are they?

A
  1. G-protein coupled with metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)
  2. NMDA receptors
    ***Rise in postsynaptic [Ca2+] is necessary to trigger LTD
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15
Q

What 2 rules govern the bidirectional plasticity of LTP vs. LTD?

A
  • Synapses during strong depolarization of postsynaptic neuron causes LTP
  • Synapses during weak depolarization of postsynaptic neuron causes LTD
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16
Q

Postsynaptic membrane at resting potential

A
17
Q

Postsynaptic membrane at depolarized potential

A
18
Q

What protein can trigger both LTP and LTD in the hippocampus?

A

Ca2+

19
Q

How does phosphorylation serve asa long-term memory consolidation mechanism?

A

Phosphorylation is insufficient as long term memory consolidation mechanism
- Phosphorylation of a protein is not permanent, so memories would be erased

20
Q

There are other mechanisms needed for long-term consolidation

A

Ex: protein synthesis, structural changes

21
Q

What is long term memory associated with?

A

The formation of new synapses

22
Q

Altering visual or tactile environment stimulates formation of new dendritic spines

A

Ex: rat in a complex environment shows increase in number of neuron synapses by about 25%

23
Q

Dynamic structural plasticity is evident in the developing brain, influenced by stimuli

A
24
Q

There are limits to structural plasticity in the adult brain, but the end f a critical period does not necessarily signify an end to structural changes

A
25
Q

New synapses form to accommodate new experiences/ learning

A
26
Q

What is the difference between short term memory and long term memory?

A
  • Short term memory: physical changes like new synapses and/or modification of pre-existing synapses
  • Long term memory: requires synthesis of new protein, stabilization of synaptic changes
27
Q

What are unique features of Ca2+?

A
  • Critical for neurotransmitter secretion and muscle contraction and every form of synaptic plasticity
  • Unique ability to directly couple electrical activity with long-term changes in the brain
28
Q

Plasticity of synaptic strength allows for…

A
  • Modification of pre-existing AMPA receptors (ex: phosphorylation)
  • Insertion or removal of AMPA receptors
  • Role of NMDA receptors
29
Q

Structural plasticity allows for…

A
  • Changes in pre-existing synapses (strengthening or eliminating)
  • Creation and strengthening of new synapses

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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