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Neuroscience > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino cids, amines, and peptides

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2
Q

What is Dale’s principle?

A

A neuron has only one neurotransmitter

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3
Q

What are co-transmitters:

A

2 or more transmitters released from one nerve terminal
Ex: an amino acid or amine + a peptide

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4
Q

What are examples of nomenclatures (-ergic)?

A
  • Cholinergic, noradrenergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic
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5
Q

How do we define particular transmitter systems?

A

By the molecule, synthetic machinery, packaging, reuptake and degradation, and action

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6
Q

What are the 3 scientific study criteria for establishing a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Synthesis and storage in presynaptic neuron
  2. Released by presynaptic axon terminal
  3. When applied, mimics postsynaptic cell response produced by release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
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7
Q

What occurs in situ hybridization?

A

Localizing synthesis of protein or peptide to a cell (detect mRNA)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of immunocytochemistry?

A

Localize molecules to cells

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9
Q

When studying synaptic mimicry, what is the qualifying condition?

A

Molecules evokes same response as as the neurotransmitter

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10
Q

What is microiontophoresis?

A

A technique in which drugs can be ejected in very small amounts to assess postsynaptic actions

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11
Q

What is the function of the microelectrode?

A

It measures effects on membrane potential

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12
Q

What are the receptor proteins present in molecular analysis?

A
  1. Transmitter-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
    - GABA(a) receptors
    - 4-5 subunits, each made with various combinations of subunit polypeptides
  2. G-protein-coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors)
    - GABA(b) receptors
    - 7-transmembrane signaling molecules
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13
Q

What is the purpose and function of acetylcholine (ACh)?

A
  • ACh was the first identified neurotransmitter
  • Major neurotransmitter at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions
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14
Q

What is the purpose and function of cholinergic (ACh) neurons?

A
  • ACh synthesis requires Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme
  • ACh degradation mediated by acetycholinesterase (AChE)
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15
Q

What is the function of catecholaminergic neurons?

A

They are involved in movement, mood, attention, and visceral function

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16
Q

What is tyrosine?

A

Tyrosine is the precursor for three amine neurotransmitters that contain catechol group
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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17
Q

What enzymes are involved in catecholaminergic?

A
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
  • Dopa decarboxylase
  • Dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH)
  • Phentolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
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18
Q

What are serotonergic (5-HT) neurons?

A

They are amine neurotransmitters, derived from tryptophan
- Regulate mood, emotional behavior, and sleep; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - antidepressants
- Synthesis of serotonin; 2-step synthesis from tryptophan; enzymes: tryptophan hydroxylase, 5-HTP decarboxylase

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19
Q

What are some amino acidergic neurons?

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A
  1. Glutamate, glycine, GABA
    - Glutamate- major excitatory CNS neurotransmitter
    - GABA- majority inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
  2. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
    - Key enzyme in GABA synthesis
    - Good marker for GABAergic neurons
    - GABAergic neurons are major source of synaptic inhibition in the CNS
20
Q

What transporters are required to allow GABA and Glutamate to load synaptic vesicles?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT)
  • Vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut)
21
Q

What receptors does neuropharmacological analysis consist of?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Agonists and antagonists
  • ACh receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic)
  • Glutamate receptors (AMPA, NMDA, and kainate)
22
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Fast synaptic transmission
  • Turn chemical signal into an electrical signal
  • Ion selective
23
Q

What is the structure of transmitter-gated ion channels?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tetramer: 4 protein subunits form a pore
  • Pentamer: 5 protein subunits form a pore
    Ex: a nicotinic ACh receptor at neuromuscular junction (pentamer)
24
Q

What is the composition of amino acid (glutamate) -gated channels?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • AMPA NMDA, kainate receptors
  • AMPA receptors permeable to Na+ and K+
  • NMDA receptors permeable to Na+, K+, and Ca2+
25
What are the functions of voltage dependent NMDA channels?
- They require glutamate binding AND membrane depolarization to open channel - Blocked by Mg2+ ions at negative resting membrane potentials - Removal of Mg2+ block accomplished by membrane depolarization
26
What occurs in GABA-gated and glycine-gated channels?
- GABA mediates most synaptic inhibition in CNS - Glycine mediates non-GABA synaptic inhibition - Bind ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
27
Endocannabinoids are...
- An example of another neurotransmitter system - Retrograde messengers - Act on presynaptic G-protein coupled receptor cannabinoid receptors
28
What falls under "sensory perception" family?
- Visual transduction (Rhodopsin) - Olfactory receptors (OR) - Taste (TAS)
29
What falls under the "neuromodulation" family?
- Glutamate (mGluR1-8) - GABA (GABAb) - Acetylcholine (M1-5) - Dopamine (D1-5) - Opioids (MOR, etc.) - Endocannabinoid (CB1-2)
30
What falls under the "development/migration" family?
- Chemokines (CXCL) - Frizzled (FZD1-10)
31
What falls under the "cellular adhesion" family?
- CELSR - Latrophilins - BAI
32
What is the structure of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)>
A single polypeptide with 7 membrane spanning alpha-helices
33
What are the 3 steps in transmission for GPCRs?
- Binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor protein - Activation of G-proteins - Activation of effector systems
34
What are the steps for GPCR signaling?
1. Inactive: 3 G-protein subunits (alpha, beta, gamma) 2. Active: G-protein complex activated by receptor and exchanges GDP for GTP 3. Galpha-GTP and Gby dissociated from each other - now free to influence effector proteins 4. Galpha inactivates by hydrolysis of GTP and GDP 5. Galpha and Gby recombine to start the cycle again
35
What is the "shortcut" pathway?
From receptor->G-protein->ion channel - Fast and localized
36
What is the second messenger cascade pathway?
The G-protein couples with neurotransmitter with downstream enzyme activation
37
WHat is push-pull singaling?
Different G-proteins stimulate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase - Gi: adenylyl cyclase inhibitory Galpha protein - Gs: adenylyl cyclase stimulatory Galpha protein
38
Some signaling cascades branch
Ex: G-protein activation of phospholipase C (PLC) -> lipas that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), generating diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,3,5-triphosphate (IP3)-> activate different effectors - IP2 binding t IP3 receptors at the ER to release calcium stores - DAG helps activate protein kinase C
39
G-protein-coupled receptors signaling cascades lead to...
Powerful signal amplification
40
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulation of target proteins are a common molecular mechanism
- Phosphate groups added to/or removed from a protein - Changes conformation and biological activity
41
What is divergence?
When one transmitter activates more than one receptor subtype - Greater postsynaptic response
42
What is convergence?
When different transmitters converge to affect the same effector system
43
What form of neurotransmitter signaling is occuring?
Integrative divergence and convergence
44
In summary, what is the purpose of neurotransmitters?
- They transmit information between neurons - Essential link between neurons and effector cells (i.e the neuromuscular junction)
45
In summary, what is the purpose of signaling pathways?
- Signaling network within a neuron somewhat resembles brain's neural network - Inputs vary temporally and spatially to increase and/or decrease drive - Delicately balanced - Drugs can shift signaling power and balance

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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