Chapter 1 Flashcards by Anjola Ola-Ogundipe

Agon

Competition

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Athlon

prize in a competition

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Gymnikos agon

athletic competition

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Hippikos agon

equestrian competition

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Sporting events

Chariot race
Boxing
Wrestling
Footrace
Contest in arms
Weight throw
Spear throw

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Homeric Value System

Shame culture
Person’s worth depends on social recognition
Material expression- gift of honor
Extreme competition
Agonistic culture- desire to always be the best

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Crown games

most important games
Cycle of crown games = 6 festivals within 4 years
Four stephanic festivals: victory crowns

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Four stephanic victory crowns

Olympia (Zeus)
-Olympics
-Olive Crown
Delphi (Apollo)
-Pythian games
-Laurel crown
Isthmia (Poseidon)
-Isthmius games
-Pine crown
Nemea
-Nemean games
-Celery crown

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money games

cash prizes
great panathenaea in Athens
Prizes- Panathenaic amphorae filled with olive oil
Gold crowns for winners in musical competitions

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What was every 4 years at the second full moon after the summer solstice

the olympics

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Olympic festival

On month prior
- Heralds pronounce sacred truce throughout Greece
- Preparation of athletes at Elis
- Prep of stadium in Olympia
1 day prior
- Procession from Elis to Olympia
5 day festival
- Day 1: ritual purification, oath, age, classification
- Day 2: procession, equestrian competitions, pentathlon (full moon night)
- Day 3: religious highpoint: hecatomb for Zeus, feast, boys competition
- Day 4: athletic competitions
- Day 5: crowning of victors, victory dinner

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Preparation for the olympics

10 Hellanodikai (judges) from Elis
Preparation of athletes
Arrival with trainers
Oath
Training together – know the strengths and weaknesses of competitors
Prepping the stadium
- Surface of the track
- Pit for the jumpers

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Defining features of sanctuaries

Temenos wall separatinf sacred and profane land
Propyla: gateway
Altars
- Ash
- Or monumental
Temples
Dedications
- Statues, spoils of war
Other buildings
- Treasuries
- Gymnasium, theatre, stadium
- Stoas, dining rooms
- Fountain houses

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Day 1 of the olympics

Welcome by crowds of festival visitors
Ritual purification (pig blood, cleansing with water)
Bouleuterion:
- Determination of age classes (boys vs men; no women)
- Olympic oath (no cheating) before Zeus
Trumpeter and herald competitions
Recitations of orators, sophists, historians

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Day 2 of the olympics

Procession
- From Prytaneion to 63 altars
Hippodrome: equestrian competitions
- Winner: horse owner
- Four horse chariot race
- Two horse chariot race
- Four-foal chariot race
Stadium:
- Pentathlon: stadium race, wrestling, discus throw, long jump, javelin
throw

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Day 3 of the olympics

Religious highpoint
Hecatomb for Zeus (sacrifice of 100 oxen)
Feast
Boys competition (stadium race, wrestling, boxing)
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
- Doric peripteral temple
- In the cella
Statue of Zeus by Phidias
Chryselephantine (gold and ivory)
One of the 7 wonders of the ancient world
- East pediment – contest between Pelops and Oenumaus
- West pediment- centauromachy: battle between Lapiths and Centaurs
- Metopes- 12 labors of Heracles

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Day 4 of the olympics

Athletic competitions:
Oiling up in the locker room
Afterwards: scraping off with strigil and bath
Entrance through tunnel
Long distance race (9km)
Stadium race (192m)
- Winner’s name used for dating: 297BC= in the 4th year of the Olympiad
when Pythagoras won
Double stadium race
Wrestling – throw opponent 3 times
Boxing- with soft gloves and hard gloves from 4th cent onwards, fight until loser
gives up
Pankration (all powerful)- combo of boxing and wrestling, until loser gives up
Race in armor (helmet, shield)

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Celebrating Athletic victories

 Herald announces victor
 Ribbon and palm branch immediately after victory
 Olive crown on day 5 of Olympic festival and victory dinner
 List of Olympic victors
 Dedication by victors of statues, strigil, discus
 Commissioning of victory ode (epinician choral song)
 Festival welcome of Olympic victory by his polis

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Women and Athletics

 Women of marriageable age excluded from Olympics
 But women could win chariot races as owners
 Female athletics in Sparta
 Female competitions at various other festivals

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healing is a gift from who

the gods

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Cult of Asclepius

o Incubation healing (divine advice in dreams, spending night in
sanctuary)
o Voting offerings (offerings made to fulfill a vow made to a God or a thing
left in gratitude for some favour that was granted)

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what are the two aspects of early Greek medicine

supernatural element (prayer, votives)
Practical battlefield surgery (dressing wounds)

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Mythological origins of Greek medicine

o Chiron (wise centaur) taught Apollo and Asclepius (later: son of Apollo)
o Asclepiius taught his sons Machaon and Podalirius, who healed Greeks
at Troy

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who is hippocrates of cos

the father of medicine

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What was the sacred disease

epilepsy

Prognosis meaning

predicting the course of illness

Ionian Enlightment

o Natural causes of illness and disease o Medicine becomes a science

What are the four humors

black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood

Health depends on harmonious interactions between who

the humors

All diseases and disabilities resulted from what

an excess or deficit of one of the four humors

The deficits were thought to be caused by what

by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body

Predominance of a humor produces the four main character types:

o The sanguine (bloody) buoyant type o The phlegmatic, sluggish type o The choleric (yellow bile), chick tempered type o The melancholic (black bile), deject type

Who is Galen

the physician of emperors

what is the medical encyclopedia

o Collection of all available medical knowledge o Complex and consistent, philosophically and anatomically sophisticated description of how the body works o Standard textbook until 19th century A.D.

order of the periodization of roman history

Monarchy (753- 510BC) Roman Republic (510-27BC) Roman Empire (27BC- end) Western roman empire (395-476 A.D) Holy roman empire (800-1806 A.D.) Eastern Roman Empire (395-1453 A.D)

order of stages in Italy

Stone age Bronze age iron age

what does aryan mean

Indo Germanic

Mater meaning

mother

Hittite successor states

o Phrygia o Neo-Hittite o Phoenicia o Cyprus

What cities were influenced by Phoenicians and Greeks

Erutria, Latium and Campania

What happened during the orientalizing period

o Beginning of writing (Etruscans) o Appearance of an elite (tombs) o Cities and monumental architecture o Hoplite warfare

order of periods in italy

orientalizing period Archaic period

Which Greek gods became familiar to Italic tribes

Hercules, Apollo, castor, Pollux

The Estrucans were heavily influenced by who

The Phoenicians and Greeks

The estruscan alphabet is derived from who

the greeks

why are sources for etruscan history biased

because they are only from Greek and Roman perspective

Economic life of the estrucans

Agriculture, metallurgy, fine crafts, trade

What blend was the estruscan culture

a blend of Greek and Phoenician culture

in 600 who were the most powerful people in Italy

the estruscans

When was rome founded

the 8th century

Who is the earliest roman historian

Fabius Pictor

who founded Rome

Romolus and Remus

Whos Romolus and Remus father

Mars

The foundation myths are a combination of what traditions

Greek, Etruscan, Latin and Roman tradition

Sources for early roman history

 Archaeology  Linguistics  4th and 3rd cent Greek historians  Traditional social norms and customs

Prosperity in Etruria and Latium was due to whos influence

Greek and Phoenician influence

public place for communal activity

Forum Romanum

What is a long peninsula on the northern or European coast of the Mediterranean sea

Italy

what coast was most favoured in Italy and why

the west coast was the most favoured because it had sufficient land and water

Italy before the city

 Settlements were very small, a few huts  Villagers planted barley and several types of wheat  Tools were made of wood, bone, and stone

what became a prominent factor in the development of central Italian societies

Maritime contact with the eastern Mediterranean

Long distance trade was done how

by land and sea

Greeks and Phoenicians had influence from where

Syria and Lebanon

What is a city state

kind of a settlement and a form of political, military, and social organization: o Consists of a clearly defined urban core o Special areas designated for elite o Communal activities o Cemeteries surrounding it o Surrounding territory has scattered shrines, hamlets, and farmsteads

how are were fromal offices and priesthoods filled and how long were their terms

they were filled by a process of election and held terms for one year

Roman writing was influenced by what language and script

Greek

appearance of an elite

 Rich deposits of grave goods  Horse tack, chariots, rich armor, weapons  Extravagance was a prominent feature of elite burials  Wanted to separate themselves from the poor

who dominated social and economic life

the elites

Patron

granted protection to his clients

Client

Follows the patron in war and in politics and other ways

Gens

o First consisted of an aristocratic lineage or group of lineages and some of their lesser followers and dependents o Eventually every member of a community belonged to a gens

place for large public assemblies and ceremonie sin the city

Forum

Sacred space where officials would summon citizens to vote, to hear legal case, and to make important public decisions

The Comitium

One of the meeting places for the council of elders known as the senate

The curia hostilia

Rome was one of the largest cities where

in Italy

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)