Chapter 3 Flashcards
What Republic became the dominant state in the Mediterranean
Roman
What was the name of the new elite group and what did they emerge to do
The nobility; they emerged to take lead in Rome’s political structure
Who were the some of the wealthiest and most powerful individuals in the Mediterranean world
The nobility
Archaic Rome had been governed by who before the Nobility
Relatively few individuals from a small group of families
What are other names for the nobility
The nobles or nobiles
Who was always an aristocracy of birth
The patriciate
what did certain leaders of the archaic period possess that made them important regardless of whether they held an office
Personal military followings
What was central
Officeholding
The new nobility rested on whos ability to win what
Rested on it’s members ability to win offices and gain priesthoods
What latin word designates and individual with an ancestor who had been chosen consul
The Latin word nobilis
In Rome, office’s in practice were only open to who
Only to those rich who maintained a respectable way of life- whose wealth derived primarily from landholding, and not from trade or from the practice of a sordid profession, such as auctioneer, scribe or trader
What did they have to provide in each generation
they had to provide new and successful seekers of offices
What happened to families that failed to provide new and successful seekers of offices
They would have to drop out of the governing elite
New men from families that had never held office did succeed in gaining what type of magistracies
Lower magistracies
The emphasis on offices would result in the gradual creation of what
The gradual creation of a hierarchy of positions
how would the hierarchy’s developed form be ranked
from lowest to highest it would be quaestor, tribune of the plebs, aedile, praetor, and consul
What became firmly established in the third century
The prohibition against holding the consulship more than once or twice
Some families gained the lower offices for generations without ever achieving what
Consulship
During the third and second centuries who took the leading role in the city
The senate
The censors began to enroll who and how long would they serve
They began to enroll primarily officeholders and the would serve for life
The senate came to be organized internally in the same hierarchial fashion as who
The magistracies
Who held the highest office and where would they lead
Former consuls held the highest office and they would lead in the senate
the senate came to be seen as a store of what
virtues, prestige, and experience
Members of Rome’s elite liked to think what was integral to their way of life
The pursuit of praise or fame and glory
The roman public virtues were primarily what
Military
What is the meaning of the Latin noun virtus
courage
What forms of elite activity were came to be seen as praiseworthy
Skills in public speaking or in the law
What could provide a cause for lasting enmity
Failure to recognize someone’s accomplishments to the degree he expected- to be disrespectful to his dignitas
Displays of what was first limited to officeholders
wealth, luxury, and military power
What was the chief arena in which members of the elite could exhibit their virtue and gain fame and glory
War
The chief celebration of victory was called what
The triumph
The triumph was an old ceremony where
in Rome
At first, the triumphal procession was primarly a rite intended to do what
purify an army returning from battle or to thank the gods for a victory
In the triumph, the victorious general or triumphator was accompanied by who
Senators and other officials
The figure of the triumphator wore what
a gold and purple costume of the old kings
why did the triumphator paint his face
to resemble the cult statue of Jupiter Best and greatest in the temple on the Capitoline hill, and he rode a four-horse chariot
What was the most important ceremony that any Roman in public life could hope to perform
The triumph
A list of what was put on prominent display in the city and it was put up to mark what
a list of triumph winners and it was put on to mark their accomplishments for all time
Who made the decision over whether or not a victory warranted a triumph
The senate and commander
why were conflicts common
Because a triumph was so prestigious
What latin word is related to the verb meaning to remind or to instrcut
monumenta
When beginning a campaign or preparing for battle, Roman commanders made what vows
made vows in which they promised new temples to favored deities should they prove successful
If Roman commanders won what was built
dozens of temples came to be built in prominent places. In addition to statues of the gods and altars for their worship
temples often housed what
statues of the victor and associated inscriptions
Advancement of a family’s claims to status came to involve what
remembering and celebrating the specific offices held by its members in earlier generations and their notable achievements in those capacities
Certain types of display were designed simply to encourage what
family members to imitate or outclass their ancestors
The Cornelii Scipiones used what to identify themselves as lineal descendants of a common ancestor within the larger gens Cornelia
congomen Scipio
Portrait masks of what offered another means of proclaiming the greatness of a family’s ancestors
portrait masks of wax, or imagines
Prominent Romans kept masks of who
those ancenstors who had held high offices or performed famous exploits in the atria or reception halls of their houses
Funerals provided an especially important occasion for such families to display what
the imagines of officeholders in their past, and to proclaim their versions of the family history
The first known gladiatorial games were staged during what
during the funeral of Decimus Junius Brutus in 264
The sons of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus would put on combats with how many pairs of gladiators
twenty two pairs of gladiators
what latin adjective means phoenician
punic
What was the most powerful of the cities that had emerged from the Phoenician colonization of the ninth through sixth centuries
Carthage
Carthage came to control, directly or indirectly a considerable territory where
North Africa
The city of Carthage and members of its elite also exploited what
subordinate communities of their territory’s original population
By the fourth century, The Carthaginians controlled what
an area almost equivalent to Latium and Campania combined
Carthage expanded its power and influence by
sea
