Chapter 1

Question 1

Banishment

Answer 1

Exile from society

Question 2

Blood Feuds

Answer 2

A cycle of back-and-forth warfare between mutually aggrieved parties

Question 3

Branding

Answer 3

Usually on thumb with a letter denoting the offense

Question 4

Bridle

Answer 4

cage that fit over the head and included a metal plate in the front

Question 5

Brutalization Hypothesis

Answer 5

The contention that, rather than acting as a deterrent, the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches them to use violence

Question 6

Casare Beccaria

Answer 6

Wrote treatise “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, was an anti-death penalty activist, and is the father of classical criminology

Question 7

Charles Montesquieu

Answer 7

French philosopher who wrote the “Persian Letters” on criminal law abuses in Europe

Question 8

Classical Criminology

Answer 8

Emphasized that punishments must be useful, purposeful, and reasonable

Question 9

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 9

The earliest known written code of punishment

Question 10

Corrections

Answer 10

A process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population

Question 11

Ducking Stool

Answer 11

Punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water

Question 12

Francois Volraire

Answer 12

Wrote critically of the French government and was imprisoned in the Bastille

Question 13

Gag

Answer 13

A device that would constrain persons who were known to constantly scold others

Question 14

Great Law

Answer 14

Correctional thinking and reform in Pennsylvania that occurred due to the work of William Penn and the Quakers

Question 15

Hedonistic Calculus

Answer 15

A term first coined by Jeremy Bentham to describe how humans seem to weigh out pleasure and pain outcomes when deciding to engage in criminal behavior

Question 16

Hulks Act

Answer 16

A temporary measure to house offenders on large men-o-war naval troop transporters

Question 17

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 17

Believed behavior could be determined through scientific principles, created pleasure-pain hypothesis (aka hedonistic calculus)

Question 18

John Howard

Answer 18

Sheriff of Bedfordshire in England, advocated prison reform, wrote “State of Prisons” treatise of British Parliament

Question 19

Lex Talionis

Answer 19

Refers to the Babylonian law of equal retaliation

Question 20

Old Newgate Prison

Answer 20

First prison structure in America

Question 21

Pillory

Answer 21

Similar to the stock except the pillory consisted of a single large bored hole where the offender’s neck would rest

Question 22

Private Wrongs

Answer 22

Restoring to private revenge, including such types of wrongs as physical injury, damage to a person’s property, or theft

Question 23

Public Wrongs

Answer 23

Crimes against society or a social group that tend to include sacrilege as well as other crimes against religion, treason, witchcraft, incest, sex offenses of any sort, and even violations of hunting rules

Question 24

Sanctuary

Answer 24

A place of refuge of asylum

Question 25

Stocks

Answer 25

Wooden frames that were built in the outdoors, usually in a village or town square

Question 26

Theory of Disablement

Answer 26

Whereby the offender is either temporarily or permanently isolated or maimed as a means of preventing a type of crime in the future

Question 27

Treason

Answer 27

The aiding and abetting of the enemy during a time of war

Question 28

Trial by Ordeal

Answer 28

A very dangerous and/or impossible tests to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused

Question 29

Walnut Street Jail

Answer 29

America's first attempt to actually incarcerate inmates with the purpose of reforming them

Question 30

Wergild

Answer 30

A form of payment that was made by the offender or his/her family for a wrongful death that had been inflicted by the offender

Question 31

Whipping

Answer 31

Lashing the body of criminal offenders amongst a public audience

Question 32

William Penn

Answer 32

Known for the Great Law and Quaker reform

Question 33

Witchcraft

Answer 33

Commonly thought to entail genuine magical powers that would be used by the witch for personal revenge or personal gain