Chapter 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Ashurst-Summers Act
Required that all prison-manufactured products shipped out of a state be stamped with the prison name, and, with an amendment in 1940, prison products were banned from being shipped via interstate lines
Auburn System
An alternative prison system located in New York
Benjamin Rush
An American medical doctor and political activist who became influential in the push for prison reform
“Big Four” in Corrections
The four largest state correctional systems in the United States
California, Texas, Florida, New York
Big House Prisons
Were typically large stone structures with brink walls, guard towers, and checkpoints throughout the facility
Black Codes
Separate laws were required of slaves and free men who turned criminal
Building Tenders
Inmates who were chosen for their strength or intelligence to supervise the inmate population, particularly in dormitories and cell blocks
Contract Labor Systems
Utilized inmate labor through state-negotiated contracts with private manufacturers, who provided the prison with raw materials so that prison labor could refine the materials for the manufacturer
Convict Code
An inmate-driven set of beliefs that inmates aspired to live by, typically presented as the “gold standard” of behavior among inmates
Crime Control Model
Emerged during a “get tough” era on crime, The use of longer sentences, more frequent use of the death penalty, and an increased use of intensive supervision probation all were indicative of this era’s approach to crime
Determinate Sentences
Consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served
Eastern Penitentiary
Part of the Pennsylvania system located near Philadelphia
Elam Lynds
Warden at Auburn and the primary organizer behind the development of the Auburn system
Elmira Reormaroty
First reformatory
Gates v. Collier (1972)
One of a series of federal cases that declared a state prison system unconstitutional
Hawes-Cooper Act
Required that prison products be subject to the laws of states to which those products are shipped
Head Building Tenders
High-ranking inmates who are given control of cell blocks and/or dormitories, and who are held responsible for behavior that occurs within those facilites
Holt v. Sarver I (1969)
As the civil rights movement began to take hold in the U.S., this case represented the official turning point in which the hands-off doctrine began to eclipse in prison system operations. This Supreme Court case ruled that prison farms in the state of Arkansas were operated in a manner that violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments
Holt v. Sarver II (1970)
Second part of the initial federal ruling on prison farm operations in the state of Arkansas. The fact that the Holt v. Sarver rulings required two separate cases shows how tenuous and difficult it was to get change in the Arkansas prison system
Indeterminate Sentences
Sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender
Mark System
A system where the duration of the sentence was determined by the inmate’s work habits and righteous conduct
Martinson Report
An examination of a number of various programs that included educations and vocational assistance, mental health treatment, medical treatment, early release, and so on
Medical Model
An approach to correctional treatment that utilizes a type of mental health approach incorporating fields such as psychology and biology
Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
First official prison reform group
