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MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology, traits well-developed then part of the brain responsible for that trait expands

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Functions of major sections of the brain, used extirpation/ablation

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3
Q

William James

A

Functionalism, how mental processes adapt to their own environment

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4
Q

John Dewy

A

Functionalism, focuses on the study of organisms as a whole as it functions help the environment

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Broca’s Area: Speech Production

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6
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

Speed of the nerve impulse

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Synapses

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytical Perspective

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

afferent, spinal cord to brain

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10
Q

Motor Neurons

A

efferent, brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Between other neurons, mostly in the CNS

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12
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

interneurons relay information to the source of the stimuli while simultaneously routing it back to the brain

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13
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS, brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS, nervous tissues and fibers outside the CNS

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary

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16
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: fight or flight, increase heart rate, decrease digestion, dilation of eyes
Parasympathetic Nervous System: rest and digest

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16
Q

Meninges

A

Protects the brain, consists of: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater

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16
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Fluid across the brain

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17
Q

Hindbrain

A

controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, & sleep/waking
Consists of:
-medulla oblongota: breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
-pons/cerebellum: balance
-reticular formation: posture/balance/body movements

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives sensory and motor information
Consists of:
Colliculi: superior–> receives visual sensory input. inferior–> receives sensory info from the auditory systems ex: loud noises

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19
Q

Forebrain

A

emotion & memory. Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, & cerebral cortex

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20
Q

EEG

A

electrodes attached to scalp and assess brain activity

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21
Q

Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

A

detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow in different parts of the brain

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22
Q

CT

A

X-rays, cross-sectional slice images of the tissue

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23
PET
radioactive sugars injected and absorbed into the body, dispersion & uptake throughout the targeted tissue is imaged
24
MRI
magnetic imaging, interact w/ hydrogen & map out hydrogen dense regions of the body
25
fMRI
same as MRI, but measures blood flow change
26
Meninges & the 3 parts
protects the brain. dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
27
Thalamus
relay station for sensory information
28
Hypothalmaus & 4 Fs
homeostasis. Feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning
29
Lateral hypothalamus
hunger center, LH (lacks hunger) if destroyed
30
Ventromedial hypothalamus
stop eating, when destroyed VERY MUCH HUNGRY
31
Anterior hypothalmus
sexual behavior, destroyed ASEXUAL, sleep/body temp
32
Posterior pituitary gland
secretes antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin
33
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin
34
Basal ganglia
smooths movements & helps postural stability
35
Extrapyramidal system
gathers body position info and carries this info to the CNS
36
Parkinson's Disease
destruction of portions of basal ganglia. uncontrolled tremors. Schizophrenia & OCD also involved w/ Basal ganglia
37
Limbic System
septal nuclei (pleasure/addiction), amygdala (fear/aggression), & hippocampus (emotion/memory)
38
Cerebral cortex
bumps & folds= gyri & sulci, divided in 2 halves= cerebral hemispheres
39
Frontal Lobe
executive function, impulse control, speech, motor
40
Parietal
touch, pressure, temp, pain, spatial processing
41
Occipital
visual
42
Temporal
sound, speech perception, memory, emotion. Wernicke's Area: language reception & comprehension
43
Cerebral Hemispheres
Left: analytic, language, logic, math, DOMINANT Right: intuition, creativity, spatial processing, NON-DOMINANT
44
Contralateral
one side of the brain interacts w/ opposite side of body
45
Ipsilateral
one side of brain interacts w/ same side of body
46
Neurotransmitters
released by neurons to carry a signal
47
Acetylcholine
used by somatic nervous system to more muscles. Also used by the parasympathetic & CNS
48
Dopamine
maintains smooth movements & steady posture. Schizophrenia delusions/hallucinations
49
Endorphines/Eukephalines
natural pain killers
50
Epinephrines & Norepinephrine
maintain wakefulness & mediated F/F responses. Epinephrine= hormone norepinephrine= neurotransmitter. Released by adrenal medulla & cause physiological changes associated w/ the sympathetic NS
51
Innate Behavior
genetically programmed as a result of evolution
52
Learned Behaviors
based on experience & environment
53
Adaptive value
trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species--> adaption through natural selection
54
Nature
heredity or influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
55
Nurture
influences of envt. and physical surroundings on behavior
56
Family studies
rely on the assumption that genetically related people are more similar genotypically than unrelated people
57
Twin studies
comparing concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)
58
Concordance rates
likelihood both twins exhibit same trait
59
Adoption studies
understand environmental & genetic influence on behavior
60
Neuralation
ectoderm overlying the notochord began to form--> forms neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds
61
Neural crest
cells at leading edge of the neural fold. Spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues
62
Neural tube
Becomes the CNS
63
Alar plate
differentiates into sensory neurons
64
Basal plate
differentiates into motor neurons
65
Umbilical cord
Fetus attached to the uterine wall & placenta through this
66
Placenta
transmits food, oxygen, & water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother
67
Reflex
behavior in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input
68
Primitive reflexes
exists in infants and disappears w/ age
69
Rooting reflex
turns head towards stimulus
70
Moro reflex
extends arms, response to falling sensation
71
Babinski reflex
big toe is extended & other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole of foot
72
Grasping reflex
grabs anything put into hands
73
Developmental milestones
Gross & fine motor abilities progress head to toe & core to periphery Social skills shift from parent-oriented to other-oriented Language skills become increasingly complex
74
Stranger anxiety
a fear & apprehension of unfamiliar individuals
75
Separation anxiety
a fear of being separated from the parental figure
76
Parental play
children will play alongside each other without influencing each other's behavior
77
Y-aminobutynl-Acid (GABA)
inhibitory neurotransmitters. Act as brain "stabilizers". Glycine serves a similar function
78
Glutamate
Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter
79
Serotonin
modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming
80
Anterior pituitary
releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands and controlled by the hypothalamus
81
Adrenal Glands
adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and nonepinephrine, part of sympathetic NS adrenal cortex: produces hormones called corticosteroids--> stress hormone CORTISOL and produces sex hormones TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN
82
Gonads
sex glands in ovaries and testes
83
Testosterone and Estrogen
mediate libido. Testosterone increase aggressive behavior. Both produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex

MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral (10 decks)

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