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MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology, traits well-developed then part of the brain responsible for that trait expands

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Functions of major sections of the brain, used extirpation/ablation

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3
Q

William James

A

Functionalism, how mental processes adapt to their own environment

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4
Q

John Dewy

A

Functionalism, focuses on the study of organisms as a whole as it functions help the environment

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Broca’s Area: Speech Production

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6
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

Speed of the nerve impulse

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Synapses

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytical Perspective

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

afferent, spinal cord to brain

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10
Q

Motor Neurons

A

efferent, brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Between other neurons, mostly in the CNS

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12
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

interneurons relay information to the source of the stimuli while simultaneously routing it back to the brain

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13
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS, brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS, nervous tissues and fibers outside the CNS

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary

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16
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: fight or flight, increase heart rate, decrease digestion, dilation of eyes
Parasympathetic Nervous System: rest and digest

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16
Q

Meninges

A

Protects the brain, consists of: dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater

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16
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Fluid across the brain

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17
Q

Hindbrain

A

controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, & sleep/waking
Consists of:
-medulla oblongota: breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
-pons/cerebellum: balance
-reticular formation: posture/balance/body movements

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives sensory and motor information
Consists of:
Colliculi: superior–> receives visual sensory input. inferior–> receives sensory info from the auditory systems ex: loud noises

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19
Q

Forebrain

A

emotion & memory. Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, & cerebral cortex

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20
Q

EEG

A

electrodes attached to scalp and assess brain activity

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21
Q

Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

A

detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow in different parts of the brain

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22
Q

CT

A

X-rays, cross-sectional slice images of the tissue

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23
Q

PET

A

radioactive sugars injected and absorbed into the body, dispersion & uptake throughout the targeted tissue is imaged

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24
Q

MRI

A

magnetic imaging, interact w/ hydrogen & map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

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25
Q

fMRI

A

same as MRI, but measures blood flow change

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26
Q

Meninges & the 3 parts

A

protects the brain. dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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27
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information

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28
Q

Hypothalmaus & 4 Fs

A

homeostasis. Feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning

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29
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger center, LH (lacks hunger) if destroyed

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30
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

stop eating, when destroyed VERY MUCH HUNGRY

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31
Q

Anterior hypothalmus

A

sexual behavior, destroyed ASEXUAL, sleep/body temp

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32
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

secretes antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin

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33
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

34
Q

Basal ganglia

A

smooths movements & helps postural stability

35
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

gathers body position info and carries this info to the CNS

36
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

destruction of portions of basal ganglia. uncontrolled tremors. Schizophrenia & OCD also involved w/ Basal ganglia

37
Q

Limbic System

A

septal nuclei (pleasure/addiction), amygdala (fear/aggression), & hippocampus (emotion/memory)

38
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

bumps & folds= gyri & sulci, divided in 2 halves= cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

executive function, impulse control, speech, motor

40
Q

Parietal

A

touch, pressure, temp, pain, spatial processing

41
Q

Occipital

A

visual

42
Q

Temporal

A

sound, speech perception, memory, emotion. Wernicke’s Area: language reception & comprehension

43
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Left: analytic, language, logic, math, DOMINANT
Right: intuition, creativity, spatial processing, NON-DOMINANT

44
Q

Contralateral

A

one side of the brain interacts w/ opposite side of body

45
Q

Ipsilateral

A

one side of brain interacts w/ same side of body

46
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

released by neurons to carry a signal

47
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used by somatic nervous system to more muscles. Also used by the parasympathetic & CNS

48
Q

Dopamine

A

maintains smooth movements & steady posture. Schizophrenia delusions/hallucinations

49
Q

Endorphines/Eukephalines

A

natural pain killers

50
Q

Epinephrines & Norepinephrine

A

maintain wakefulness & mediated F/F responses. Epinephrine= hormone norepinephrine= neurotransmitter. Released by adrenal medulla & cause physiological changes associated w/ the sympathetic NS

51
Q

Innate Behavior

A

genetically programmed as a result of evolution

52
Q

Learned Behaviors

A

based on experience & environment

53
Q

Adaptive value

A

trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species–> adaption through natural selection

54
Q

Nature

A

heredity or influence of inherited characteristics on behavior

55
Q

Nurture

A

influences of envt. and physical surroundings on behavior

56
Q

Family studies

A

rely on the assumption that genetically related people are more similar genotypically than unrelated people

57
Q

Twin studies

A

comparing concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)

58
Q

Concordance rates

A

likelihood both twins exhibit same trait

59
Q

Adoption studies

A

understand environmental & genetic influence on behavior

60
Q

Neuralation

A

ectoderm overlying the notochord began to form–> forms neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds

61
Q

Neural crest

A

cells at leading edge of the neural fold. Spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

62
Q

Neural tube

A

Becomes the CNS

63
Q

Alar plate

A

differentiates into sensory neurons

64
Q

Basal plate

A

differentiates into motor neurons

65
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Fetus attached to the uterine wall & placenta through this

66
Q

Placenta

A

transmits food, oxygen, & water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother

67
Q

Reflex

A

behavior in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input

68
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

exists in infants and disappears w/ age

69
Q

Rooting reflex

A

turns head towards stimulus

70
Q

Moro reflex

A

extends arms, response to falling sensation

71
Q

Babinski reflex

A

big toe is extended & other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole of foot

72
Q

Grasping reflex

A

grabs anything put into hands

73
Q

Developmental milestones

A

Gross & fine motor abilities progress head to toe & core to periphery
Social skills shift from parent-oriented to other-oriented
Language skills become increasingly complex

74
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

a fear & apprehension of unfamiliar individuals

75
Q

Separation anxiety

A

a fear of being separated from the parental figure

76
Q

Parental play

A

children will play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behavior

77
Q

Y-aminobutynl-Acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters. Act as brain “stabilizers”. Glycine serves a similar function

78
Q

Glutamate

A

Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter

79
Q

Serotonin

A

modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming

80
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands and controlled by the hypothalamus

81
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and nonepinephrine, part of sympathetic NS
adrenal cortex: produces hormones called corticosteroids–> stress hormone CORTISOL and produces sex hormones TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN

82
Q

Gonads

A

sex glands in ovaries and testes

83
Q

Testosterone and Estrogen

A

mediate libido. Testosterone increase aggressive behavior. Both produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex

MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral (10 decks)

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