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MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

aligns w/ transduction–> conversion of physical, electromagnetic, & other information from internal & external envts. to electrical signals in the nervous system

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2
Q

Perception

A

processing of info to make sense of its significance

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

sensory nerves that respond to stimuli

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4
Q

Distal stimuli

A

in the distance. ex: campfire

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5
Q

Proximal stimuli

A

in close proximity

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

relationship between physical nature of stimuli & sensational/perception they evoke

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7
Q

Sensory ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

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8
Q

Projection Areas

A

areas in the brain that analyze sensory input

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9
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)

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10
Q

Hair cells

A

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing, rotational, & linear acceleration)

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11
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

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12
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

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13
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

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14
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

respond to volatile compounds (smell)

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15
Q

Taste receptors

A

respond to dissolved compounds (taste)

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16
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum of stimulus energy that will activate a sensory system

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17
Q

Subliminal perception

A

refers to the perception of a stimulus below a given stimulus

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18
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

the minimum stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size & long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

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19
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimum difference in magnitude between 2 stimuli before one can perceive this difference
-440 Hz vs 441 Hz

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20
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

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21
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli. Accounts for response bias

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

refers to a decrease or increase in sensitivity to a stimulus

23
Q

Sclera

A

exposed portion of eye covered by this thick layer (white of the eye)

24
Q

Choroid and retinal vessels

A

eye supplied with these nutrients

25
Q

Cornea

A

gathers and filters incoming light

26
Q

Iris

A

controls size of pupil, colored part of eye, divided front of the eye into anterior & posterior chamber, 2 muscles: dilator and constrictor pupillae

27
Q

Lens

A

refracts incoming light to focus it onto the retina

28
Q

Aqueous humor

A

produced by the ciliary body. Nourishes the eye and gives the eye its shape. Drains through the canal of Schlemm

29
Q

Retina

A

rods: detect light/dark, contains rhodopsin
cones: color. short/medium/long, in the fovea part of macula
pathway: rods/cones–> bipolar cells–> ganglion cells–> optic nerve

30
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

space between eyes; allows for binocular vision and depth

31
Q

Horizontal & amacrine cells

A

integrates signals from ganglion cells and performs edge-sharpening

32
Q

Support

A

vitreous= inside, sclera/choroid= outside

33
Q

Parallel Processing

A

color, form, and motion at same time

34
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

motion, high temporal resolution

35
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

shape, high spatial resolution

36
Q

Visual pathway

A

eye–> optic nerves–> optic chiasm–> optic tracts–> lateral geniculate nucleus-> visual radiations–> visual cortex

37
Q

Outer ear

A

pinna (auricle)= channel sound waves to external auditory canal to tympanic membrane (eardrum)

38
Q

Middle ear

A

connected to nasal cavity by Eustachian tube. Ossicles: acronym MIS and HAS
Malleus: Hammer
Incus: Anvil
Stapes: Stirrup, footplate of stapes rests in the oval window of cochlea

39
Q

Inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth: filled w/ perilymph
Membranous labyrinth: filled w/ endolymph. Consists of cochlea (sound), utricle & sacculae (linear acceleration) & semicircular canals (rotational acceleration and balance)

40
Q

Projection Areas

A

superior olive: localizes sounds, in brain stem
inferior colliculus: startle reflex, used by eyes/ears in the vestibulo-ocular reflex which keeps the eyes fixed on a single point as the head rotates

41
Q

Auditory pathway

A

cochlea–> vestibulocochlear nerve–> medial geniculate nucleus–> auditory cortex

42
Q

Place theory

A

location of hair cell on a basilar membrane determines perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated

43
Q

Smell

A

detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves) in the olfactory epithelial. Smell info bypasses the thalamus

44
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals given off by animals that have an effect on social foraging, and sexual behavior

45
Q

Taste

A

the detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae. Sweet/sour/salty/bitter/umamai

46
Q

Somatosensation

A

refers to the four touch modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temp

47
Q

Two-point threshold

A

minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

48
Q

Physiological zero

A

the normal temp of skin to which objects are compared to

49
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain reception. Gate theory of pain. Decrease in JND for pain

50
Q

Kinesthetic reception

A

proprioception

51
Q

Top-down processing

A

the recognition of an object by memories and expectations. Little attention to detail. Uses background knowledge

52
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Details–> whole. Recognition of objects by feature detection. Not influenced by background knowledge

53
Q

Gestalt principles

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure. All are governed by the law of Pragnanz

MCAT Kaplan: Behavioral (10 decks)

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