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biochemistry > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

structures, mechanisms,
and chemical processes
that are shared by all
organisms and provides
organizing principles that
underlie life in all its
diverse forms….the
molecular logic of life

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2
Q

How did biomolecules arise?

A

The earliest atmosphere consisted of small compounds like H2O, N2, CO2, H2S, CH4 and NH2. UV light from the sun or lighting provided the energy to create simple organic compounds and the basic
functional groups

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3
Q

What is included in prebiotic soup?

A

nucleotides from components of Earth’s primitive atmosphere

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4
Q

Biomolecule synthesis sheet

A
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5
Q

What is the self-replicating system evolved from simple molecules?

A
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6
Q

what does specific base-pairing between complementary functional groups permit?

A

one member of a pair to determine the identify and orientation of the other member

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7
Q

What does complementarity make possible?

A

for a macromolecule to replicate, or copy itself, by directing the assembly of a new molecule from smaller complementary
units

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8
Q

alkane

A
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9
Q

alkene

A
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10
Q

alkyne

A
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11
Q

arene

A
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12
Q

haloalkane

A

X = halogen

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13
Q

alcohol

A
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14
Q

aldehyde

A
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15
Q

ketone

A
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16
Q

carboxylic acid

A
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17
Q

acid anhydride

A
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18
Q

ester

A
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19
Q

ether

A
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20
Q

amine (1’, 2’, 3’)

A
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21
Q

amide

A
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22
Q

nitrate

A
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23
Q

nitrite

A
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24
Q

nitrile

A
25
Q

imines

A
26
Q

imides

A
27
Q

thiol

A
28
Q

sulfide

A
29
Q

disulfide

A
30
Q

functional groups in acetyl Co-A

A

thioester, 2 amido groups, hydroxyl, phosphoanhydride, phosphoryl, imadazole-like, 1’ amino group

31
Q

What factors make an organism considering LIVING?

A

1.) chemically complex, highly organized
2.) ability to extract, transform, and utilize energy from environment
3.) each component that make up the organism defined functions and have related
4.) mechanisms for sensing and responding to surroundings
5.) capacity to self-replication and self-assembly
6.) capacity to change over time

32
Q

3 domains of life - bacteria

A

single-celled, inhabit soils, surface waters, and tissue of living and dead organisms

33
Q

3 domains of life - eukaryotes

A

By far the smallest domain and evolved from the archaea
domain and are therefore closely related to archaea. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular organisms.

34
Q

what are prokaryotes classified by?

A

Their cell wall and its structure

gram-positive have glycoproteins and thick peptidoglycan layer

gram-negative has 2 layers of membrane and LPS

35
Q

prokaryotes don’t have:

A

membrane bound organelles or nucleus (they have nucleoid in its cytoplasm)

36
Q

lower limit of cell size?

A

set by the minimum
number of biomolecules that a cell needs to
function

37
Q

upper limit of cells size?

A

set by the rate of diffusion of
solute molecules in aqueous solution

  • surface-to-volume size ratios are important factors to
    consider. If the cell is too big, the metabolism of the cell
    will out-pace the rate of diffusion for that cell
38
Q

What are the largest cells in the body?

A

nerve cells, egg cells (ovum)

39
Q

ribosomes

A

protein-synthesizing machines

50% of ribosomes are made of rRNA

40
Q

peroxisome

A

oxidizes fatty acids that make acetyl CoA

  • has oxidative enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide
41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

42
Q

lysosome

A

degrades intracellular debris

43
Q

transport vesicle

A

shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

44
Q

golgi complex

A

processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

45
Q

Smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

46
Q

Rough ER

A

site of much protein synthesis

47
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA)

48
Q

Plasma membrane

A

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of material into and out of the cell

49
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm

50
Q

glyoxysome

A

contain enzymes of the glyoxysome cycle

51
Q

plasmodesma

A

provides path between two plant cells

52
Q

vacuole

A

degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

53
Q

cell wall

A

provides shape and rigidity, protects cells from osmotic swelling

54
Q

thylakoids

A

site of light-driven ATP synthesis

55
Q

starch granule

A

temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

56
Q

chloroplast

A

harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

57
Q

mitochondrion

A

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

58
Q

chiral center

A

an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner that it has a non-superimposable mirror image.

59
Q
A

biochemistry (12 decks)

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