chapter 1

Question 1

What is biochemistry?

Answer 1

structures, mechanisms,
and chemical processes
that are shared by all
organisms and provides
organizing principles that
underlie life in all its
diverse forms….the
molecular logic of life

Question 2

How did biomolecules arise?

Answer 2

The earliest atmosphere consisted of small compounds like H2O, N2, CO2, H2S, CH4 and NH2. UV light from the sun or lighting provided the energy to create simple organic compounds and the basic
functional groups

Question 3

What is included in prebiotic soup?

Answer 3

nucleotides from components of Earth’s primitive atmosphere

Question 4

Biomolecule synthesis sheet

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the self-replicating system evolved from simple molecules?

Answer 5

Question 6

what does specific base-pairing between complementary functional groups permit?

Answer 6

one member of a pair to determine the identify and orientation of the other member

Question 7

What does complementarity make possible?

Answer 7

for a macromolecule to replicate, or copy itself, by directing the assembly of a new molecule from smaller complementary
units

Question 8

alkane

Answer 8

Question 9

alkene

Answer 9

Question 10

alkyne

Answer 10

Question 11

arene

Answer 11

Question 12

haloalkane

Answer 12

X = halogen

Question 13

alcohol

Answer 13

Question 14

aldehyde

Answer 14

Question 15

ketone

Answer 15

Question 16

carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Question 17

acid anhydride

Answer 17

Question 18

ester

Answer 18

Question 19

ether

Answer 19

Question 20

amine (1’, 2’, 3’)

Answer 20

Question 21

amide

Answer 21

Question 22

nitrate

Answer 22

Question 23

nitrite

Answer 23

Question 24

nitrile

Answer 24

Question 25

imines

Answer 25

Question 26

imides

Answer 26

Question 27

thiol

Answer 27

Question 28

sulfide

Answer 28

Question 29

disulfide

Answer 29

Question 30

functional groups in acetyl Co-A

Answer 30

thioester, 2 amido groups, hydroxyl, phosphoanhydride, phosphoryl, imadazole-like, 1' amino group

Question 31

What factors make an organism considering LIVING?

Answer 31

1.) chemically complex, highly organized 2.) ability to extract, transform, and utilize energy from environment 3.) each component that make up the organism defined functions and have related 4.) mechanisms for sensing and responding to surroundings 5.) capacity to self-replication and self-assembly 6.) capacity to change over time

Question 32

3 domains of life - bacteria

Answer 32

single-celled, inhabit soils, surface waters, and tissue of living and dead organisms

Question 33

3 domains of life - eukaryotes

Answer 33

By far the smallest domain and evolved from the archaea domain and are therefore closely related to archaea. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular organisms.

Question 34

what are prokaryotes classified by?

Answer 34

Their cell wall and its structure gram-positive have glycoproteins and thick peptidoglycan layer gram-negative has 2 layers of membrane and LPS

Question 35

prokaryotes don't have:

Answer 35

membrane bound organelles or nucleus (they have nucleoid in its cytoplasm)

Question 36

lower limit of cell size?

Answer 36

set by the minimum number of biomolecules that a cell needs to function

Question 37

upper limit of cells size?

Answer 37

set by the rate of diffusion of solute molecules in aqueous solution - surface-to-volume size ratios are important factors to consider. If the cell is too big, the metabolism of the cell will out-pace the rate of diffusion for that cell

Question 38

What are the largest cells in the body?

Answer 38

nerve cells, egg cells (ovum)

Question 39

ribosomes

Answer 39

protein-synthesizing machines *50% of ribosomes are made of rRNA*

Question 40

peroxisome

Answer 40

oxidizes fatty acids that make acetyl CoA - has oxidative enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide

Question 41

cytoskeleton

Answer 41

supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

Question 42

lysosome

Answer 42

degrades intracellular debris

Question 43

transport vesicle

Answer 43

shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

Question 44

golgi complex

Answer 44

processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

Question 45

Smooth ER

Answer 45

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

Question 46

Rough ER

Answer 46

site of much protein synthesis

Question 47

Nucleolus

Answer 47

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA)

Question 48

Plasma membrane

Answer 48

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of material into and out of the cell

Question 49

Nuclear envelope

Answer 49

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm

Question 50

glyoxysome

Answer 50

contain enzymes of the glyoxysome cycle

Question 51

plasmodesma

Answer 51

provides path between two plant cells

Question 52

vacuole

Answer 52

degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

Question 53

cell wall

Answer 53

provides shape and rigidity, protects cells from osmotic swelling

Question 54

thylakoids

Answer 54

site of light-driven ATP synthesis

Question 55

starch granule

Answer 55

temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

Question 56

chloroplast

Answer 56

harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

Question 57

mitochondrion

Answer 57

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

Question 58

chiral center

Answer 58

an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner that it has a non-superimposable mirror image.