Chapter 1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
lipid
A
fats that combine hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in a form that is poorly dissolved in water.
2
Q
hydrophilic
A
water soluble
3
Q
hydreophobic
A
repel water
4
Q
glucose
A
blood sugar, a six-carbon sugar is used for energy in the cell
5
Q
How many amino acids are used to make proteins?
A
22
6
Q
How many amino acids can single protein include?
A
200-300
6
Q
Catalyst
A
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
7
Q
Antibodies
A
Infection fighting proteins
7
Q
Enzyme
A
A protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body (Catalyst)
8
Q
What can be measured in the body to differentiate between different diseases?
A
Antibodies
9
Q
Another name for cell membrane
A
plasma membrane
10
Q
Chromatin
A
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes in the cell nucleus
11
Q
fats that combine hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in a form that is poorly dissolved in water.
A
Lipid
12
Q
water soluable
A
hydrophillic
13
Q
Water repellent
A
hydrophobic
14
Q
blood sugar, a six-carbon sugar is used for energy in the cell
A
glucose
15
Q
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
A
Catalyst
16
Q
A protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body (Catalyst)
A
Enzyme
17
Q
Infection fighting protein
A
antibodies
18
Q
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes in the cell nucleus
A
Chromatin
19
Q
Small granular-like structures that can be found in the cytoplasm
A
Ribosomes
20
Q
Does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) have Ribosomes?
A
No
21
Q
What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes
22
Q
Lysosomes
A
Used to digest “food” taken in by the cell and to destroy cell structures no longer needed
23
Golgi apparatus
organelle responsible for transporting, modifying, and packing proteins and lipids
24
Autolysis
when the lysosomes release enzymes into the cytoplasm to eliminate dead cells
25
Power house of the cell
Mitochondria
26
Convert food substances into energy that can be used by the cell
Mitochondria
27
Metabolism
All reactions going on in the cell
28
Used to digest "food" taken in by the cell and to destroy cell structures no longer needed
Lysosome
29
Ribosome
Small granular-like structures that can be found in the cytoplasm
30
organelle responsible for transporting, modifying, and packing proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus
31
Function of Ribosomes
Make protein
32
when the lysosomes release enzymes into the cytoplasm to eliminate dead cells
Autolysis
33
Function of Mitochondria
Convert food substances into energy that can be used by the cell
34
All the reactions going on in the cell
Metabolism
35
Two main types of metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
36
Anabolism
smaller molecules are combined into larger ones
37
Catabolism
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
38
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is derived (made from)...
Blood
39
Are all living cells surrounded by extracellular fluid (ECF)?
yes (skin is not surrounded by ECF because it is dead; Dogs such as pugs have bulging eyes, so their eye lids are unable to cover their eyes to lubricate them. Sometimes they require artificial tears.
40
Metabolism where smaller molecules are combined into larger ones
anabolism
41
Metabolism where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
catabolism
42
What is one thing that can cause a puppy to get low blood sugar and possibly have seizures?
Parasites
43
The body's way of keeping its internal conditions stable and balanced, despite changes in the external environment.
Homeostasis
44
Products/chemicals must be exchanged between the extra cellular fluid (ECF) and the...
Cell
45
Diffusion
molecules move from higher to lower concentration
46
When does diffusion stop
When the concentrations equalize
47
What are the things that influence diffusion in a cell?
Size of the molecule
Charge of the molecule
Ability of the molecule to dissolve in lipid
48
Type of cellular exchange where a molecule is actively pumped
Active transport
49
Red blood cells have more potassium (K) than the surrounding extra cellular fluid (ECF), so the K diffuses out of the cell. What type of cellular exchange occurs to get the required K back into the RBC?
Active transport
50
semi permeability
the property of allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through the membrane
51
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
52
When RBC are put in a concentrated solution, the water within moves to the solution causing the cell to shrink. This is what mechanisms of cellular exchange.
Osmosis
53
Endocytosis
The mechanism of cellular exchange by which the cell membrane wraps around a particle, pinches off and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell as a vacuole. This occurs with large molecules such as proteins.
54
Exocytosis
A membrane bound sac containing the molecule joins with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF
55
What organelle is responsible for making the sacs used in exocytosis?
Golgi apparatus
56
Homeostasis
The body's way of keeping its internal conditions stable and balanced, despite changes in the external environment.
57
molecules move from higher to lower concentration
Diffusion
58
active transport
Type of cellular exchange where a molecule is actively pumped
59
What are the five mechanisms of cellular exchange?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
60
the property of allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through the membrane
Semi permeable
61
a process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Osmosis
62
uncontrolled mitosis results in
Cancer
63
mass of rapidly dividing cells
tumor
64
Stages of mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Review what happens during these phases
65
What happens with mitosis after an injury?
It increases
66
Do nerve cells go through mitosis?
no
67
Review meiosis
68
Tumor that are localized to one area, have a well defined margin, and don't spread to other parts of the body
benign
69
Tumors that are more likely to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant
70
the spread of a tumor from its primary location
metastasis
71
another name for tumor
neoplast
72
Pathologist
Person who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues
73
The mechanism of cellular exchange by which the cell membrane wraps around a particle, pinches off and moves into the cytoplasm of the cell as a vacuole. This occurs with large molecules such as proteins.
Endocytosis
74
Apoptosis
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
75
A membrane bound sac containing the molecule joins with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF
exocytosis
76
Bottle Jaw
Describes an accumulation of fluid within the tissues under the jaw; this occurs in severely parasitized sheep. The parasites within the intestinal tract consume a large amount of protein, so fluid moves from the bloodstream to the tissue through osmosis
77
Edema
excess fluid within a tissue
78
Pitting edema
excess fluid in which finger pressure into the tissue creates a "pit" that only slowly resolves
79
ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
80
Toxin in antifreeze
Ethylene glycol (extremely toxic to kidneys)
81
a treatment for kidney failure that uses osmosis and diffusion
Dialysis
82
Urea
a breakdown product in the metabolism of protein
83
kidney failure results in the build up of
Urea which is usually excreted in urine; this creates a build up of urea which acts as a toxin
84
Do all species have the same type or amount of enzymes?
No; for example, cats have less of certain enzymes to break down medications
85
metastisis
the spread of a tumor from its original location
86
Person who interpret and diagnose changes in cells and tissues
Pathologist
87
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
Apoptosis
88
Describes an accumulation of fluid within the tissues under the jaw; this occurs in severely parasitized sheep. The parasites within the intestinal tract consume a large amount of protein, so fluid moves from the bloodstream to the tissue through osmosis
Bottle Jaw
89
Excess fluid in tissue
Edema
90
excess fluid in which finger pressure into the tissue creates a "pit" that only slowly resolves
Pitting edema
91
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
92
Dialysis
treatment for kidney disease using osmosis and diffusion
93
a breakdown product in the metabolism of protein
Urea
94
Occurs when urea builds up in the blood creating a toxin
Kidney Failure
