Chapter 2

Question 1

a collection of cells organized for a particular function

Answer 1

tissue

Question 2

a collection of tissues make up

Answer 2

organ

Question 3

abomasum

Answer 3

the fourth stomach of a cow

Question 4

when is a displaced abomasum most likely to occur

Answer 4

shortly after cow has given birth

Question 5

displaced abomasum (DA) AKA

Answer 5

twisted stomach

Question 5

One procedure used to correct a DA is rolling the cow. This works best when…

Answer 5

The DA is secondary to another condition such as uterine infection which can be corrected with antibiotics. Then the cow starts to eat which keeps the stomach full and in place.

Question 5

What causes displaced abomasum or twisted stomach

Answer 5

The stomach fills with gas so it pulls the abomasum up towards the cow’s side causing them to stop eating

Question 6

What is rolling a cow

Answer 6

Roll a cow with DA on its back from right to left to allow the gas to put the stomach in the correct position

Question 7

Three ways to correct DA

Answer 7

*Simply Roll the cow
*Roll the cow and blindly stitch the stomach to wall of the abdomen
*Roll the cow and surgically stitch the stomach to the wall of the abdomen (best success rate)

Question 8

Foot and mouth disease (FMD)

Answer 8

a highly contagious viral disease that attacks epithelial tissues

Question 9

a collection of cells packed together in sheets

Answer 9

Epithelial tissue

Question 10

What tissue line the body surface and openings?

Answer 10

Epithelial tissue

Question 11

what tissue lines tubes in the body such as the heart and blood vessels?

Answer 11

Epithelial tissue

Question 12

tissue

Answer 12

a collection of cells organized for a particular function

Question 13

organ

Answer 13

a collection of tissues

Question 14

the fourth stomach of a cow

Answer 14

abomasum

Question 15

twisted stomach

Answer 15

displaced abomasum (DA)

Question 16

The stomach fills with gas so it pulls the abomasum up towards the cow’s side causing them to stop eating

Answer 16

DA or twisted stomach

Question 17

Basement Membrane

Answer 17

A collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue

Question 18

Descriptive terms of epithelium tissue:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Answer 18

Very flat
Cube shape
More tall than wide

Question 19

Categories of epithelial tissue:
Simple
Stratified
Transitional

Answer 19

*One cell layer
*multiple cell layers
*multiple cell layers and the shape of the cell can change

Question 20

What type of epithelium are the blood vessels lined with?

Answer 20

simple squamous epithelium cells; (smooth and flat, so provide little resistance) Allows for transfer of fluids, nutrients, gases, and waste

Question 21

Endocrine glands secrete….

Answer 21

hormones into the blood stream

Question 22

Exocrine glands secrete…

Answer 22

outside the body such as sweat, salivary, mammary glands

Question 23

Simple columnar epithelium is found where?

Answer 23

Many glands, stomach, and intestines

Question 24

What type of epitheliums is specific to the urinary tract?

Answer 24

Transitional epithelium because it has the ability to stretch

Question 25

Clinically what provides the first visible impression of an animal's health?

Answer 25

skin (hair loss, skin sores, etc...)

Question 26

Three layers of skin

Answer 26

Epidermis dermis hypodermis

Question 27

Hair originates from what layer of skin?

Answer 27

dermis

Question 28

Keratin

Answer 28

a specialized protein deposited in the epidermis making it hard and durable

Question 29

Tendons, fat, blood, cartilage, and bone are all examples of what tissue?

Answer 29

Connective tissue

Question 30

Tendons connect

Answer 30

muscle to bones

Question 31

Tendons are mainly composed of proteins called

Answer 31

Collagen

Question 32

Ligaments connect

Answer 32

bone to bone

Question 33

Ligaments are made up of

Answer 33

Collagen and elastin

Question 34

_____________ provides strength and __________ provides the ability to stretch and return.

Answer 34

Collagen and elastin

Question 35

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea and growth plates?

Answer 35

Hyaline

Question 36

adipose tissue

Answer 36

(fat) a form of connective tissue that has a good blood supply, so it is easily accessible for energy.

Question 37

A collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue

Answer 37

Basement membrane

Question 38

Name the epithelium tissue Very flat Cube shape More tall than wide

Answer 38

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Question 39

Name the category of epithelial tissue *One cell layer *multiple cell layers *multiple cell layers and the shape of the cell can change

Answer 39

Simple Stratified Transitional

Question 40

what glands secrete hormones into the blood stream?

Answer 40

endocrine glands

Question 41

What glands secrete outside the body such as sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

Answer 41

exocrine glands

Question 42

what epithelium is found in the stomach and intestines

Answer 42

simple columnar

Question 43

connects muscle to bone

Answer 43

tendon

Question 44

connects bone to bone

Answer 44

ligament

Question 45

What are the three muscle types found in mammals?

Answer 45

skeletal smooth cardiac

Question 46

What controls skeletal muscle movements?

Answer 46

The nervous system

Question 47

What two types of muscle are involuntary?

Answer 47

smooth and cardiac

Question 48

What type of muscle is found in hollow organs of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and blood vessels?

Answer 48

smooth muscle

Question 49

Type of muscle found in the heart?

Answer 49

cardiac muscle

Question 50

Striated voluntary muscle

Answer 50

skeletal muscle

Question 51

Myofiber

Answer 51

an entire muscle cell; they have several nuclei and a large number of mitochondria

Question 52

Two proteins found within a muscle that allow it to contract.

Answer 52

Actin (thin filament) Myosin (thick filament)

Question 53

Rigor mortis

Answer 53

muscle stiffness which occurs after death because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium

Question 54

Porcine stress syndrome (PSS)

Answer 54

a genetic disease in pigs in which calcium is not transported back into the endoplasmic reticulum; occurs during stress

Question 55

Milk fever in cows which usually occurs soon after calving; the cow becomes week and unable to stand, is also called

Answer 55

hypocalcemia

Question 56

parturition

Answer 56

having a baby

Question 57

Low blood calcium in dogs, usually small breeds occurring in the first four weeks of lactation

Answer 57

eclampsia

Question 58

fasciculation

Answer 58

muscle twitching

Question 59

ataxia

Answer 59

lack of coordination

Question 60

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/eclampsia in dogs

Answer 60

restlessness, anorexia, vomiting, fasciculations, ataxia, stiffness and elevated temperature

Question 61

Treatment for hypocalcemia

Answer 61

IV of calcium solution

Question 62

Motor unit

Answer 62

the collection of the nerve cell and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Question 63

sweeny

Answer 63

a condition in horses where a nerve in the shoulder is damaged from pulling with a harness resulting in atrophy (shrinking) of the muscle

Question 64

No nerve cell stimulation is not required for this muscle to work; specialized paced maker cells are responsible for rate of contraction

Answer 64

cardiac muscle

Question 65

the two types of muscle with a striated apperance

Answer 65

skeletal muscle cardiac muscle

Question 66

Constriction

Answer 66

make smaller

Question 67

peristalsis

Answer 67

contraction that propels the food down the esophagus

Question 68

what nervous system controls the action of smooth muscles

Answer 68

Autonomic nervous system

Question 69

an entire muscle cell; they have several nuclei and a large number of mitochondria

Answer 69

myofiber

Question 70

muscle stiffness which occurs after death because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium

Answer 70

rigor mortis

Question 71

Hypocalcium in cows

Answer 71

Milk fever in cows which usually occurs soon after calving; the cow becomes week and unable to stand

Question 72

eclampsia in dogs usually small breads

Answer 72

Low blood calcium in dogs, usually small breeds occurring in the first four weeks of lactation

Question 73

muscle twitching

Answer 73

fasciculation

Question 74

lack of coordination

Answer 74

ataxia

Question 75

restlessness, anorexia, vomiting, fasciculations, ataxia, stiffness and elevated temperature are symptoms of what in small bread dogs post partum

Answer 75

eclampsia/hypocalciuma

Question 76

a condition in horses where a nerve in the shoulder is damaged from pulling with a harness resulting in atrophy (shrinking) of the muscle

Answer 76

sweeny

Question 77

contractions that propel food down the esophagus

Answer 77

peristalsis

Question 78

The autonomic nervous system controls what type of muscle?

Answer 78

smooth muscles

Question 79

Is hair epidermal tissue?

Answer 79

yes it is a specialized epidermal tissue containing keratin

Question 80

What are the two types of involuntary muscles?

Answer 80

Cardiac smooth

Question 81

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 81

Brain and spinal cord

Question 82

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 82

all nerves not in the brain and spinal cord

Question 83

Neuron

Answer 83

cell in nerve tissue

Question 84

axon

Answer 84

a hairlike extension that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body

Question 85

Three basic types of neurons

Answer 85

1. Sensory neurons: neurons that have receptors that are stimulate in response to change in the environment. 2. Interneurons: found in the CNS 3. Motor neurons: begin in the CNS and extend to muscle and glands

Question 86

Foot Mouth Disease

Answer 86

A viral disease affecting the epithelium of the mouth, tongue, and hooves. It is easily transmitted and can be transmitted to humans. There is no treatment, but most recover. There is a vaccination, but not used in the US because there have not been any recent outbreaks.

Question 87

Monday-morning disease AKA Tying up

Answer 87

Usually occurs on Monday mornings after the horse has rested all weekend and consumes a full diet. When the horse begins working, it gets sever muscle cramps causing muscle damage which is cleared through the blood and can cause kidney damage.

Question 88

Horner's syndrome

Answer 88

results from damage to a nerve in the autonomic nervous system that travels through the neck and controls several eye functions

Question 89

Signs of Horner's syndrome

Answer 89

1. the pupil is constricted 2. the upper eyelid droops 3. the third eyelid protrudes 4. the eye is sunken in the socket

Question 90

Integumentary system

Answer 90

skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves that protect and regulate the body.

Question 91

foot rot

Answer 91

Usually in cattle and sheep, persistent exposure to wet and dirty conditions causes softening of the skin and hooves. Bacteria colonizes between the hoof and skin causing an open infection with a distinct odor. The animal usually loses weight because they won't go graze. Treatment is topical antibiotic.

Question 92

Why are light colored mammals more likely to develop melanoma than dark colored mammals?

Answer 92

Light colors produce pheomelanin which don't provide UV protection Dark colors produce eumelanin which does provide UV protection

Question 93

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 93

Sensory Motor Interneurons

Question 94

Sensory Neurons

Answer 94

help us feel and explore the world around us

Question 95

Motor Neurons

Answer 95

Control the movement of the body

Question 96

Interneurons

Answer 96

They are the most abundant neurons in the body. They act as the signal controllers within the body, relaying important information from one end of the nervous system to the other.

Question 97

After rest, usually in a horse, it has sever muscle cramps while working. The breakdown products of the muscle has to be discarded which can cause kidney disease

Answer 97

Monday Morning Disease/ Typing syndrome

Question 98

What system makes up skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves that protect and regulate the body.

Answer 98

Integumentary system

Question 99

Occurs when bacteria infects the area between the skin and hoof usually in cattle and sheep due to persistent wetness

Answer 99

Foot rot

Question 100

help us feel and explore the world around us

Answer 100

Sensory neurons

Question 101

Control the movements of the body

Answer 101

Motor neurons

Question 102

They are the most abundant neurons in the body. They act as the signal controllers within the body, relaying important information from one end of the nervous system to the other.

Answer 102

Interneurons