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Intro to vet science > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a collection of cells organized for a particular function

A

tissue

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2
Q

a collection of tissues make up

A

organ

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3
Q

abomasum

A

the fourth stomach of a cow

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4
Q

when is a displaced abomasum most likely to occur

A

shortly after cow has given birth

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5
Q

displaced abomasum (DA) AKA

A

twisted stomach

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5
Q

One procedure used to correct a DA is rolling the cow. This works best when…

A

The DA is secondary to another condition such as uterine infection which can be corrected with antibiotics. Then the cow starts to eat which keeps the stomach full and in place.

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5
Q

What causes displaced abomasum or twisted stomach

A

The stomach fills with gas so it pulls the abomasum up towards the cow’s side causing them to stop eating

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6
Q

What is rolling a cow

A

Roll a cow with DA on its back from right to left to allow the gas to put the stomach in the correct position

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7
Q

Three ways to correct DA

A

*Simply Roll the cow
*Roll the cow and blindly stitch the stomach to wall of the abdomen
*Roll the cow and surgically stitch the stomach to the wall of the abdomen (best success rate)

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8
Q

Foot and mouth disease (FMD)

A

a highly contagious viral disease that attacks epithelial tissues

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9
Q

a collection of cells packed together in sheets

A

Epithelial tissue

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10
Q

What tissue line the body surface and openings?

A

Epithelial tissue

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11
Q

what tissue lines tubes in the body such as the heart and blood vessels?

A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

tissue

A

a collection of cells organized for a particular function

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13
Q

organ

A

a collection of tissues

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14
Q

the fourth stomach of a cow

A

abomasum

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15
Q

twisted stomach

A

displaced abomasum (DA)

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16
Q

The stomach fills with gas so it pulls the abomasum up towards the cow’s side causing them to stop eating

A

DA or twisted stomach

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17
Q

Basement Membrane

A

A collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

Descriptive terms of epithelium tissue:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

A

Very flat
Cube shape
More tall than wide

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19
Q

Categories of epithelial tissue:
Simple
Stratified
Transitional

A

*One cell layer
*multiple cell layers
*multiple cell layers and the shape of the cell can change

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20
Q

What type of epithelium are the blood vessels lined with?

A

simple squamous epithelium cells; (smooth and flat, so provide little resistance) Allows for transfer of fluids, nutrients, gases, and waste

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21
Q

Endocrine glands secrete….

A

hormones into the blood stream

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22
Q

Exocrine glands secrete…

A

outside the body such as sweat, salivary, mammary glands

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23
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is found where?

A

Many glands, stomach, and intestines

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24
Q

What type of epitheliums is specific to the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium because it has the ability to stretch

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25
Q

Clinically what provides the first visible impression of an animal’s health?

A

skin (hair loss, skin sores, etc…)

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26
Q

Three layers of skin

A

Epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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27
Q

Hair originates from what layer of skin?

A

dermis

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28
Q

Keratin

A

a specialized protein deposited in the epidermis making it hard and durable

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29
Q

Tendons, fat, blood, cartilage, and bone are all examples of what tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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30
Q

Tendons connect

A

muscle to bones

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31
Q

Tendons are mainly composed of proteins called

A

Collagen

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32
Q

Ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

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33
Q

Ligaments are made up of

A

Collagen and elastin

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34
Q

_____________ provides strength and __________ provides the ability to stretch and return.

A

Collagen and elastin

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35
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea and growth plates?

A

Hyaline

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36
Q

adipose tissue

A

(fat) a form of connective tissue that has a good blood supply, so it is easily accessible for energy.

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37
Q

A collection of fibers that ties the epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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38
Q

Name the epithelium tissue
Very flat
Cube shape
More tall than wide

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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39
Q

Name the category of epithelial tissue
*One cell layer
*multiple cell layers
*multiple cell layers and the shape of the cell can change

A

Simple
Stratified
Transitional

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40
Q

what glands secrete hormones into the blood stream?

A

endocrine glands

41
Q

What glands secrete outside the body such as sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

A

exocrine glands

42
Q

what epithelium is found in the stomach and intestines

A

simple columnar

43
Q

connects muscle to bone

A

tendon

44
Q

connects bone to bone

A

ligament

45
Q

What are the three muscle types found in mammals?

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

46
Q

What controls skeletal muscle movements?

A

The nervous system

47
Q

What two types of muscle are involuntary?

A

smooth and cardiac

48
Q

What type of muscle is found in hollow organs of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and blood vessels?

A

smooth muscle

49
Q

Type of muscle found in the heart?

A

cardiac muscle

50
Q

Striated voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

Myofiber

A

an entire muscle cell; they have several nuclei and a large number of mitochondria

52
Q

Two proteins found within a muscle that allow it to contract.

A

Actin (thin filament)
Myosin (thick filament)

53
Q

Rigor mortis

A

muscle stiffness which occurs after death because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium

54
Q

Porcine stress syndrome (PSS)

A

a genetic disease in pigs in which calcium is not transported back into the endoplasmic reticulum; occurs during stress

55
Q

Milk fever in cows which usually occurs soon after calving; the cow becomes week and unable to stand, is also called

A

hypocalcemia

56
Q

parturition

A

having a baby

57
Q

Low blood calcium in dogs, usually small breeds occurring in the first four weeks of lactation

A

eclampsia

58
Q

fasciculation

A

muscle twitching

59
Q

ataxia

A

lack of coordination

60
Q

signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/eclampsia in dogs

A

restlessness, anorexia, vomiting, fasciculations, ataxia, stiffness and elevated temperature

61
Q

Treatment for hypocalcemia

A

IV of calcium solution

62
Q

Motor unit

A

the collection of the nerve cell and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

63
Q

sweeny

A

a condition in horses where a nerve in the shoulder is damaged from pulling with a harness resulting in atrophy (shrinking) of the muscle

64
Q

No nerve cell stimulation is not required for this muscle to work; specialized paced maker cells are responsible for rate of contraction

A

cardiac muscle

65
Q

the two types of muscle with a striated apperance

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle

66
Q

Constriction

A

make smaller

67
Q

peristalsis

A

contraction that propels the food down the esophagus

68
Q

what nervous system controls the action of smooth muscles

A

Autonomic nervous system

69
Q

an entire muscle cell; they have several nuclei and a large number of mitochondria

A

myofiber

70
Q

muscle stiffness which occurs after death because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium

A

rigor mortis

71
Q

Hypocalcium in cows

A

Milk fever in cows which usually occurs soon after calving; the cow becomes week and unable to stand

72
Q

eclampsia in dogs usually small breads

A

Low blood calcium in dogs, usually small breeds occurring in the first four weeks of lactation

73
Q

muscle twitching

A

fasciculation

74
Q

lack of coordination

A

ataxia

75
Q

restlessness, anorexia, vomiting, fasciculations, ataxia, stiffness and elevated temperature are symptoms of what in small bread dogs post partum

A

eclampsia/hypocalciuma

76
Q

a condition in horses where a nerve in the shoulder is damaged from pulling with a harness resulting in atrophy (shrinking) of the muscle

A

sweeny

77
Q

contractions that propel food down the esophagus

A

peristalsis

78
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what type of muscle?

A

smooth muscles

79
Q

Is hair epidermal tissue?

A

yes it is a specialized epidermal tissue containing keratin

80
Q

What are the two types of involuntary muscles?

A

Cardiac
smooth

81
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

82
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

all nerves not in the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

Neuron

A

cell in nerve tissue

84
Q

axon

A

a hairlike extension that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body

85
Q

Three basic types of neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurons: neurons that have receptors that are stimulate in response to change in the environment.
  2. Interneurons: found in the CNS
  3. Motor neurons: begin in the CNS and extend to muscle and glands
86
Q

Foot Mouth Disease

A

A viral disease affecting the epithelium of the mouth, tongue, and hooves. It is easily transmitted and can be transmitted to humans. There is no treatment, but most recover. There is a vaccination, but not used in the US because there have not been any recent outbreaks.

87
Q

Monday-morning disease AKA Tying up

A

Usually occurs on Monday mornings after the horse has rested all weekend and consumes a full diet. When the horse begins working, it gets sever muscle cramps causing muscle damage which is cleared through the blood and can cause kidney damage.

88
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

results from damage to a nerve in the autonomic nervous system that travels through the neck and controls several eye functions

89
Q

Signs of Horner’s syndrome

A
  1. the pupil is constricted
  2. the upper eyelid droops
  3. the third eyelid protrudes
  4. the eye is sunken in the socket
90
Q

Integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves that protect and regulate the body.

91
Q

foot rot

A

Usually in cattle and sheep, persistent exposure to wet and dirty conditions causes softening of the skin and hooves. Bacteria colonizes between the hoof and skin causing an open infection with a distinct odor. The animal usually loses weight because they won’t go graze. Treatment is topical antibiotic.

92
Q

Why are light colored mammals more likely to develop melanoma than dark colored mammals?

A

Light colors produce pheomelanin which don’t provide UV protection
Dark colors produce eumelanin which does provide UV protection

93
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

94
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

help us feel and explore the world around us

95
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Control the movement of the body

96
Q

Interneurons

A

They are the most abundant neurons in the body. They act as the signal controllers within the body, relaying important information from one end of the nervous system to the other.

97
Q

After rest, usually in a horse, it has sever muscle cramps while working. The breakdown products of the muscle has to be discarded which can cause kidney disease

A

Monday Morning Disease/ Typing syndrome

98
Q

What system makes up skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves that protect and regulate the body.

A

Integumentary system

99
Q

Occurs when bacteria infects the area between the skin and hoof usually in cattle and sheep due to persistent wetness

A

Foot rot

100
Q

help us feel and explore the world around us

A

Sensory neurons

101
Q

Control the movements of the body

A

Motor neurons

102
Q

They are the most abundant neurons in the body. They act as the signal controllers within the body, relaying important information from one end of the nervous system to the other.

A

Interneurons

Intro to vet science (4 decks)

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