Chapter 3 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Herd checks
A
reproductive exams and routine health maintenance usually in dairy cows
2
Q
How often are diary cows usually breed to maximize milk production
A
12 to 13 months
3
Q
Orthopedic surgeon
A
a doctor, vet, who specializes in surgery of bones
4
Q
Five basic functions of bone
A
structure
leverage
protection
mineral reserves
blood cell production
5
Q
Cortical Bone
A
The outer shell of bone composed of dense or compact bone.
6
Q
Loosely arranged bone
A
spongy or cancellous bone
7
Q
Where is spongy bone found
A
In the ends of long bones but not flat bones of the skull or pelvis
8
Q
Medullary cavity of the bone
A
the hollow center containing bone marrow
9
Q
Periosteum
A
the thin connective tissue lay over bone; the source of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone tissue
10
Q
Does the periosteum contain a nerve and blood supply?
A
yes
11
Q
Endosteum
A
connective tissue covering the open spaces within bone
12
Q
Three types of bone cells
A
osteoblast: cells that form bone
osteocytes: bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling
osteoclast: release the minerals from the bone
13
Q
Osteoporosis
A
the bones lose their normal density
14
Q
reproductive exams and routine health maintenance usually in dairy cows
A
Herd check
15
Q
a doctor, vet, who specializes in surgery of bones
A
Orthopedic surgeoun
16
Q
The outer shell of bone composed of dense or compact bone.
A
cortical bone
17
Q
spongy or cancellous bone
A
Loosely arranged bone
18
Q
the thin connective tissue lay over bone; the source of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone tissue
A
Periostieum
19
Q
how are joints classified
A
by the type and amount of movement allowed
20
Q
fibrous joints
A
where joints are brought together by dense connective tissue, also called fixed joints because little movement is possible
21
Q
example of a fibrous or fixed joint
A
suture in the skull
22
Q
Cartilage joint
A
joined together by cartilage
23
Q
three examples of cartilage joints
A
growth plate
symphysis joint (pelvis and lower jaw)
intervertebral disk
24
Q
synovial joint
A
true moveable joints
25
synovial fluid function
provides lubrication to the joint and carries nutrients to the cartilage of the joint
26
ligaments
dense fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to bone
27
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
28
meniscus
a cartilage pad that acts as a cushion between bone ends
29
flexion (bones and muscles)
when the angle between two bones get smaller
30
extention
when the angle between two bones increases
31
abduction
when a part is moved away from the body
32
adduction
when a part is move closer to the body
33
rotation
when a part spins on its long axis
34
circumduction
when a part spins on its long axis
35
movement of a hinge joint
allow movement in one axis, elbow
36
movement of a pivot joint
allows rotation around a point, joint at C1 and C2
37
ellipsoid joint
allows motion in a hinge fashion and in rotation, wrist
38
ball-and-socket joint
allows motion in any direction, provides the greatest variety of motion shoulder or hip
39
where are the cervical vertebrae located
neck
40
connective tissue covering the open spaces within bone
endosteum
41
osteoblast
cells that form bone
42
osteocytes
bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling
43
osteoclast
release the minerals from the bone
44
the bones lose their normal density
osteoporosis
45
where joints are brought together by dense connective tissue, also called fixed joints because little movement is possible
fibrous joints
46
sutures in the skull are an example of what type of joint
fibrous joint
47
growth plate
symphysis joint (pelvis and lower jaw)
intervertebral disk
are examples of what types of joints
cartilage joints
48
true moveable joints
synovial joints
49
provides lubrication to the joint and carries nutrients to the cartilage of the joint
function of synovial fluid
50
dense fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bone to bone
ligament
51
connect muscle to bone
tendon
52
a cartilage pad that acts as a cushion between bone ends
meniscus
53
angle of bone get smaller
flexion
54
angel of bone increases
extension
55
when a part is moved away from the body
abduction
56
when a part is moved closer to the body
adduction
57
when a part spins on its long axis
rotation
58
when a part spins on its long axis
circumduction
59
allow movement in one axis, elbow
hinge joint
60
allows rotation around a point, joint at C1 and C2
pivot joint
61
allows motion in a hinge fashion and in rotation, wrist
ellipsoid joint
62
cells that form bone
osteoblast
63
bone remodeling, deposition and remodeling
osteocytes
64
release the minerals from the bone
osteoclast
65
What are two major sections of the skeletal system?
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
66
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum
67
What makes up appendicular?
bones of the limbs
68
Do all species have the same number of bones?
Do all animals within a species have the same number of bones?
No
NO (example: not all dogs have a dewclaw and some have longer tails than others.)
69
Intervertebral disc disease
a breakdown in the vertebral disc
70
x-ray
radiograph
radiology
high energy electromagnetic radiation
Image produced by an x-ray
a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease
71
Neck vertebra are called
cervical vertebrae; all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae even giraffes
72
C1
Atlas; allows head to move back and forth say no
73
C2
Axis; allows head to rotate to say yes
74
Name of vertebrae found with ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
75
How many ribs do dogs, cats, cattle, goats and sheep have?
13
76
How many ribs do horses have
18
77
Sternum
bones that from the floor of the thorax
78
what joints the ribs to the sternum
Costal cartilage, but it can be replaced with bone in older animals
79
what are the vertebrae of the low back called
Lumbar
80
what bones protect the lungs and allow them to expand and contract
Ribs
81
what vertebrae protect the organs in the abdomen
Lumbar
82
what are the vertebrae found in the pelvis
sacral
83
Name the vertebrae that make up the tail of an animal
caudal
84
A dog typically has how many caudal vertebrae?
20 but can range from 6 to 23
85
the forelimb does not have a boney attachment to the
axial skeleton which allows for greater rotation of the limbf
86
High-rise syndrome
an animal, usually a cat, falling from a great high such as a balcony usually doesn't break a limb, but their jaw
87
Name major bones of the appendicular skeleton
88
name the large weight barring metacarpal of horses, cattle, sheep, etc...
Cannon bone
89
Three bones of the pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
90
acetabulum
the sock of the hip joint
91
cranial drawer sign
indicated the a diagnosis of a torn cruciate ligament; in dogs this usually occurs due to degeneration
92
cruciate ligament
the x shaped ligament in the knee
93
how do vets test for a torn cruciate ligament
press back (posterior) on the femur and forward (anterior) on the tibia
94
Skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum
axial skeleton
95
a breakdown in the vertebral disc
intervertebral disc disease
96
high energy electromagnetic radiation
Image produced by an x-ray
a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease
x-ray
97
Image produced by an x-ray
radiograph
98
a medical professional who uses medical images to diagnose disease
radiology
99
Ossification
bone replacing cartilage
100
Subluxate
partial dislocation
101
what attaches bones to muscle
cartilage
102
aponeurosis
broad sheets of connective tissue that covers tendons
103
muscles are described by the location of their attachment: origin
the more fixed point
104
muscles are described by the location of their attachment: insertion
the more moveable point
105
extention
opening the joint
106
flextion
closing the joint
107
simple fracture
bone broken in two places cleanly
108
comminuted fracture
bone broken into several fragments
109
compound (open) fracture
one of the bone ends punctures through the skin; risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture
110
intermedullary pin
a stainless steel pin driven into the medullary cavity of the bone
111
hip dysplasia
commonly occurs in dogs where the ball-and-sock joint of the hip becomes diseased
The socket is very shallow and due to poor structure, the joint subluxates with movement, so the cartilage lining of the acetabulum and the head of femur become worn
112
example of degenerative joint disese
hip dysplasia
The socket is very shallow and due to poor structure, the joint subluxates with movement, so the cartilage lining of the acetabulum and the head of femur become worn
113
joint ill
Bacteria enters the umbilicus after birth; the bacteria settles in the joints causing inflammation and pain. If caught early, it can be treated with antibiotics. It can cause permanent damage.
114
Navicular syndrome
involves damage of the navicular bone (in horses)
115
the sock of the hip joint
acetabulum
116
bone replacing cartilage
ossification
117
partial dislocation
subluxate
118
the more fixed point of the muscle attachment
origin
119
the more mobile point of the muscle attachment
insertion
120
opening a joint
extention
121
closing a joint
flexion
122
bone broken cleanly in one place
simple fracture
123
bone broken in several fragments
comminuted fracture
124
fracture one of the bone ends punctures through the skin risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture
compound (open) fracture
125
risk of bone infection is high with this type of fracture
compound (open) fracture
126
commonly occurs in dogs where the ball-and-sock joint of the hip becomes diseased
hip dysplasia
