chapter 1

Question 1

speech science

Answer 1

study of articulation and physiology of speech production, the acoustic characteristics of speech and the process by which listeners perceive speech

Question 2

perceptual phonetics

Answer 2

study of characteristics of sounds of a language to discriminate the sounds from one another

primarily focused on the IPA

Question 3

physiological phonetcis

Answer 3

study of physical structures how they interact to produce the sounds of a language

Question 4

acoustics

Answer 4

study of sound

Question 5

acoustics phonetics

Answer 5

study of the measurable acoustic or physical properties of sound

Question 6

sound

Answer 6

disturbance of the particles of a medium taking the form of vibratory or oscillatory movement

Question 7

disturbance

Answer 7

movement of the particles of a medium by any means

Question 8

medium

Answer 8

defined as any substance or environment through which a force can be transmitted such as gas, solid, or liquid

Question 9

vibratory

Answer 9

oscillatory
means back or forth movement

Question 10

properties a medium that are necessary for sound to be transmitted

Answer 10

inertia
elasticity

Question 11

inertia

Answer 11

if at rest, stay at rest
if in motion, stay in motion

Question 12

elasticity

Answer 12

when disturbed to resume its original shape, size, and state

Question 13

degree of elasticity

Answer 13

how much the matter can be disturbed

Question 14

strength of elasticity

Answer 14

amount of resistance the matter has to movement

Question 15

simple harmonic motion
(SHM)

Answer 15

air particle must be set into motion (vibration) by force

particles change velocity

Question 16

velocity

Answer 16

defined as speech in a certain direction

Question 17

maximum displacement

Answer 17

point of greatest distance from the position of rest

Question 18

maximum acceleration

Answer 18

picking up speed moving in the opposite direction

Question 19

maximum velocity

Answer 19

crosses point of rest

Question 20

dampening

Answer 20

reduction of motion due to friction and the points of maximum displacement grow closer together

reduces the amplitude or distance from the position of rest

Question 21

amplitude

Answer 21

degree of displacement by force

Question 22

sequence of events that occurs in particle movement

Answer 22

1. particle is displaced outward in positive direction
2. particle reached maximum positive displacement and elasticity pulls particle back toward initial point of rest
3. particle passes through point of rest because of inertia and continues in the opposite direction until overcome by elasticity

cycle continues until friction causes loss of energy and particle returns to position of rest

Question 23

waveform

Answer 23

amplitude by time graph that shows particle movement

Question 24

sine curve/sine wave

Answer 24

mapping of one particle overtime

Question 25

general principles of wave movement

Answer 25

1. sound moves outward from source 2. sound moves in all directions, not in a straight line 3. sound intensity decreases over distance due to friction 4. occurs in compression and rarefaction phases

Question 26

maximum displacement

Answer 26

minimum speed or 0 velocity maximum acceleration

Question 27

minimum displacement

Answer 27

maximum speed or velocity

Question 28

diplacement

Answer 28

increases as particle moves away from the position of rest (0 line) decreases as particle moves toward point of rest (0 line)

Question 29

velocity

Answer 29

consists of speed and direction, but speed has nothing to do with direction speed increases when moving through an undisturbed state direction: positive position is above the line; negative position is below the line

Question 30

pressure

Answer 30

high pressure: compression low pressure: rarefaction moving toward point of rest- pressure increases moving away from point of rest- pressure decreases

Question 31

physics of sound

Answer 31

relationship between air particle movement and wave movement

Question 32

relationship between displacement and pressure

Answer 32

0°-90° : displacement hight/pressure high 90°-180° : displacement low/pressure high 180°-270° : displacement high/pressure low 270°-360° : displacement low/pressure low

Question 33

direct relationship

Answer 33

when one element increases, the other increases rarefaction in D&V compression in V&P

Question 34

indirect/inverse relationship

Answer 34

when one element increases, the other decreases compression in D&V rarefaction in V&P

Question 35

relationship between velocity and displacement

Answer 35

always inverse/indirect when one increases, the other decreases (vice versa)

Question 36

relationship between velocity and pressure

Answer 36

0°-90° : low velocity/high pressure 90°-180° : high velocity/high pressure 180°-270° : low velocity/low pressure 270°-360° : high velocity/low pressure

Question 37

frequencies important for speech

Answer 37

250-8,000 Hz

Question 38

simple sounds wave

Answer 38

one frequency (pure tone) has back and forth motion

Question 39

complex sound wave

Answer 39

more than one frequency and consists of speech sound

Question 40

frequency

Answer 40

Hz per second number of times per second that a vibratory cycle is completed

Question 41

pitch

Answer 41

psychological correlate to frequency

Question 42

intensity

Answer 42

dB degree of particle displacement

Question 43

loudness

Answer 43

psychological correlate to intensity

Question 44

time

Answer 44

"period of the wave" seconds/milliseconds time in which a cycle is completed

Question 45

wave length

Answer 45

distance a wave travels during one complete cycle inversely related to frequency (lower the frequency, longer the wave length)

Question 46

calculating time and frequency

Answer 46

F=1/T and T=1/F

Question 47

calculating wave length and frequency

Answer 47

F=1100/lambda or lambda=1100/F

Question 48

speed of sound per second

Answer 48

1100

Question 49

calculating wavelength and time

Answer 49

T=lambda/1100 and lambda=T*1100