exam 4 Flashcards by Lexi Robichaux

spectrography

method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration

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axis of a spectrogram

vertical: frequency
horizontal: time
darkness: intensity

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former uses for spectrogram

used by universities and labs

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current uses for spectrogram

diagnosis/treatment in hospitals, university clinics, and rehab centers

CSL - allows speech to be acquired, analyzed, and displayed

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types of sounds

voiced
voiceless
quasiperiodic

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voiced sounds

-periodic sounds
-have repeating pattern of vibration
-have harmonics
-on spectrograph: voice bar, vertical striations, formants

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voiceless sounds

-aperiodic sounds
-no repeating pattern or vibration
(sound made by air forced through constriction)
-no voice bar or vertical striations on spectrograph

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quasiperiodic sounds

-have vibration of vocal folds and harmonics
-on spectrograph: voice bar, but no vertical striations

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vowels on a spectrograph

characterized by first three formants- high levels of acoustic energy
(dark horizontal lines)

band is wide because harmonics are amplified near vocal tract formant

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diphthongs on a spectrograph

steady state formant
transition
steady state formant

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diphthongs

vowels that change resonance characteristics during production (2 vowels as 1 unit)

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glides on spectrograph

do not show steady state due to being more rapid than diphthongs

extremely short and looks like formant transition between two sounds

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liquids on spectrograph

characterized by more steady state formants- not made by changing tongue placement

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characteristics of /w/ and /j/

/w/: lips rounded = lengthens the vocal tract & reduces frequency for all 3 formants

/w/ and /j/: F1 beings low and raises to F1 of following sound
F2 and F3 shift toward values of following sound

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characteristics of /r/

retroflexed-lowers F3 bringing it closer to F2

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characteristics of /l/

formants
360 Hz, 1300 Hz, 2700 Hz

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characteristics of nasals

formants- intense
antiformants- weaker/damped energy

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nasal mumur

produced by blocking off oral cavity momentarily (at lip, alveolar ridge, or velum) and lowering velum

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nasal formants characteristics (intensity and frequency)

high intensity, low frequency

characteristics of stops

silent gap
release burst
formant transitions
voice onset time (VOT)

silent gap of stops

time in which articulators are forming blockage and oral pressure builds

voiceless stops- cannot be seen
voiced stops- band of low frequency

release burst of stops

burst of aperiodic sound following the silent gap and extends into high frequency

line is short because release of stop is transient 10-30 ms

voiceless stop bursts

longer because of aspiration (noise generated by turbulence as air moves through glottis when vocal folds are starting to close

STRONGER THAN VOICED

voiced stop bursts

do not show aspiration noice because vocal folds are already closing and vibrating

formant transitions

articulators move from point of constriction to more open position of the following sound lasts 50 ms

slope of transition depends on:

place of articulation for the stop vocal position of following sound

F1 formant of stop

vocal tract is constricted - complete closure because stops start with tight closure F1 is always rising if the stop is followed by a vowel; if the stop is proceeded by a vowel, the formant transition falls to 0

F2 formant of stops

related to length of oral cavity and reflects movement of lip/tongue in backward/forward direction

F2 transition starting points

stops: 600/800 Hz alveolars: 1800 Hz velar back vowel: 1300 Hz velar front vowel: 2300-3000 Hz

VOT of stops

time release between release of articulatory blockage and beginning of voicing the following sound depends of place of articulation not as important in signaling voicing distinction in the final position as initial position

4 categories of VOT

negative simultaneous positive with short lag voiceless stops with long lag

negative VOT

vocal folds were vibrating before articulatory release begins prevoicing VOT lead- occurs in voiced stops not common in english

simultaneous VOT

voicing and articulatory release occur at the same time (VOT- 0)

positive with short lag VOT

onset of vocal fold occurs shortly after release burst

voiceless stops with long lag VOT

vocal fold vibration is delayed voiced stops: -20 - 20 ms VOT voiceless stops: 25 -100 ms VOT

VOT depends on:

place of articulation increases as it moves backward in oral cavity bilabial (shortest) --- alveolar (intermediate) ---- velar (longest)

vowels are _____ before voiced and _______ before voiceless

longer before voiced shorter before voiceless

fricatives

produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent resulting in randomized variations in air pressure

fricatives of spectrograph

wide band of energy distributed over broad range of frequencies due to energy being much longer (fricatives are continuous) have voice bar and periodic energy imposed on turbulent noise=combination of period and aperiodic sound

range of frequencies and intensity of friction depends on

place of articulation- airflow comes against obstacle that increases amplitude of noice produced at point of constriction

white noise

period with fairly distributed energy

fricative noise is resonated most strongly:

in front cavity (area in front of location of narrow channel-constriction)

anterior frictatives

/f/ /v/ and voiced/voiceless "th" nonstridents low intensity spectrum spread over broad range of frequencies

posterior fricatives

/z/ /s/ "zh" and "sh" stridents have larger cavity and lower frequency the further back it is have higher frequency than anterior fricatives

affricates

combination of stops and fricatives have acoustic element of both

characteristics of affricates

have a silent gap for stop portion if voices, but not heard in connective speech fricative portion follows silent gap

fricatives vs affricates on spectrograph

they look similar, but affricates are shorter in duration