exam 4 study guide

Question 1

what is spectrography?

Answer 1

method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration

Question 2

how do you see time on a spectrogram?

Answer 2

horizontal axis

Question 3

how do you see frequency on a spectrogram?

Answer 3

vertical axis

Question 4

how do you see intensity on a spectrogram?

Answer 4

darkness of trace

Question 5

what does an aperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

Answer 5

no repeating pattern
no voice bar
no formants

“simply fill”

Question 6

what does a periodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

Answer 6

has repeating pattern of vibration
has voice bar and formants

Question 7

what does an quasiperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

Answer 7

has vibration of vocal folds
has voice bar and formants, but not clear striations

Question 8

how does a vowel look when graphed?

Answer 8

first three formants appear as dark horizontal lines

wide band

Question 9

characteristics of diphthong

Answer 9

vowels that change resonance characteristics during production

produced by uttering 2 vowels as 1 unit

vocal tract filters function midstream, shifting from beginning to end

Question 10

how does a diphthong look when graphed?

Answer 10

steady state
formant
steady state

Question 10

characteristics of glides

Answer 10

“semi vowels” or sonorants - always voiced

airflow not completely smooth or turbulent

very quick tongue motion=changed formants

Question 11

how does a glide look when graphed?

Answer 11

more rapid than diphthongs and do not show steady state portion

very short & looks like formant transition between two sounds

lasts 75 milliseconds

Question 12

characteristics of /w/ and /j/

Answer 12

/w/- rounded lips lengthen vocal tract and reduced frequency for all formants

/w/ and /j/ - F1 begins low and raises to F1 of following sound- F2 and F3 shift toward value of following sound

Question 13

characteristics of liquids

Answer 13

sonorants- always voiced

not made by changing tongue motion

Question 14

how do liquids look when graphed?

Answer 14

more steady portion than glides

Question 15

characteristics of nasals

Answer 15

produced by lowering velum, allowing sound to resonate in nasal cavity

have nasal formant/nasal murmur

Question 16

antiresonances are…

Answer 16

extremely weak intensity formants because nasal cavity is absorbent= sound damped

damped sound due to length the sound travels from the larynx to nasal cavity

Question 17

formants and anti formants of nasals

Answer 17

make nasals more complicated

formants: high intensity
anti formants: follow formant with weaker energy

(frequencies depend on how widely open velopharyngeal port is)

Question 18

nasal murmur

Answer 18

created by blocking oral cavity (either at lips, alveolar ridge, or velum) and lowering velum

Question 19

characteristics of stops

Answer 19

voiced/voiceless

constricted vocal tract; air is forced through glottis

Question 20

what are the four features of stops?

Answer 20

-silent gap
-release burst
-formant transitions
-voice onset time (VOT)

Question 21

silent gap of stops

Answer 21

time that articulators are forming blockage and oral pressure is building up

for voiced sounds: voice bar

Question 22

release burst of stops

Answer 22

burst of aperiodic sound following silent gap and extends into high frequency

Question 23

are voiced or voiceless stop bursts longer?

Answer 23

voiceless are longer because of aspiration

voiceless stops are stronger

Question 24

formant transitions of stops

Answer 24

voiceless sounds have no real formant structure articulators moving from the stop's point of constriction to the vocal tract position (more open position) of the following sound lasts 50 milliseconds

Question 25

F1 of stops

Answer 25

very low due to complete constriction that stops start with transitions/rises to frequency of next vowel/consonant

Question 26

F2 of stops

Answer 26

related to length of oral cavity reflects movement of tongue/lips in backward/forward direction

Question 27

F2 starting value bilabial stops

Answer 27

600-800 Hz

Question 28

F2 starting point for alveolar stops

Answer 28

1800 Hz

Question 29

F2 starting points for velar stops

Answer 29

when followed by a front vowel- 2300-3000 Hz when followed by a back vowel- 1300 Hz

Question 30

Voice Onset Time

Answer 30

time between release of articulatory blockage and beginning of voicing of following sound increases as it moves backwards (depends on place of artic.)

Question 31

VOT is measured in initial stops and falls in 4 categories:

Answer 31

1. negative 2. simultaneous 3. positive with short lag 4. voiceless stops with long lag

Question 32

negative VOT occurs when

Answer 32

vocal folds were vibrating before articulatory response begins not common in english "pre-voicing VOT lead" sometimes occurs in voiceless sounds

Question 33

simultaneous voicing occurs when

Answer 33

voicing and articulatory release occur at the same time VOT = 0

Question 34

positive VOT with short lag occurs when

Answer 34

onset of vocal folds occurs shortly after release burst

Question 35

long lag VOT occurs when

Answer 35

vocal fold vibration is delayed voiced: -20 - 20 milliseconds voiceless: 25-100 milliseconds

Question 36

vowels before voiced stops are _____ then vowels before voiceless stops

Answer 36

longer

Question 37

fricative characteristics

Answer 37

produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in randomized variation in air pressure frictation sounds produced= hissing sound

Question 38

how does a fricative look when graphed?

Answer 38

wide band of energy distributed over broad range of frequencies because energy is much longer (fricatives are continuous)

Question 39

anterior fricative characteristics

Answer 39

low intensity spectrum spread over broad range of frequencies

Question 40

posterior fricative characteristics

Answer 40

larger cavity and lower frequency when place of articulation is further back have voice bar and periodic energy imposed on turbulent air, so they are a combination of periodic and aperiodic sound

Question 41

anterior vs posterior fricatives

Answer 41

posterior (stridents) have higher frequency than anterior (nonstridents)

Question 42

frequencies of anterior fricatives

Answer 42

/f/=4500-7000 voiceless "th" = 5000 hz

Question 43

affricates characteristics

Answer 43

have stop portion and fricative portion have silent gap if stop portion is voiced, but not noticed in connected speech fricative portion follows silent gap

Question 44

how do affricates look when graphed?

Answer 44

similar to fricatives but shorter