Chapter 1 Flashcards by Shaylee Meier

Radiograph (ra-de-o-graf):

An image of a patient’s ana-tomic parts), as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor

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Radiography (ra-de-og-rah-fe):

The process and procedures of producing a radiograph.

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Image receptor (IR):

The device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image after it exits the patient; refers to both analog (film-based) cassettes and digital acquisition devices.

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Central ray (CR):

Refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube-the portion of the x-ray beam that has the least divergence.

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1.41). A radiographic examination involves five general functions:

Positioning of body part and alignment with the IR and CR
Application of radiation protection measures and devices
Selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique)
Instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing) and initiation of the x-ray exposure
Processing of the IR (analog) [chemical processing] or digital processing systems

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The anatomic position is an

upright position with arms abducted slightly (down), hands by sides with palms forward, and head and feet together and directed straight ahead

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Four common planes used in medical imaging are the

sagittal plane, coronal plane, horizontal (axial) plane, and oblique plane.

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sagittal (saj-i-tal) plane is any

longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

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coronal (ko-ro-nal) plane is any

longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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The midcoronal plane divides the body into

approximately equal anterior and posterior parts.

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A horizontal (axial) plane is any

transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

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An oblique plane is a

longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane.

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Longitudinal sections or images may be taken in the

sagittal, coronal, or oblique plane.

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Transverse or Axial Sections (Cross-Sections) are

at right angles along any point of the longitu-

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The precise transverse plane of Frankfort horizontal or base plane of skull is formed by connecting the lines from the

infraorbital margins (inferior edge of bony orbits) to the superior margin of the external auditory meatus (EAM), the external opening of the ear.

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to measure and locate specific cranial points or structures.

Frankfort horizontal

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What horizontal plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed (used as a reference plane of the head for cervical spine and skull radiography).

Occlusal plane

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refers to the back half of the patient, or the part of the body seen when the person is viewed from the back; includes the bottoms of the feet and the backs of the hands

Posterior (pos-te-re-or) or dorsal (dor-sal)

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refers to the front half of the patient, or the part seen when viewed from the front; includes the tops of the feet and the fronts or palms of the hands in the anatomic position.

Anterior (an-te-re-or) or ventral (ven-tral

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refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.

Plantar (plan-tar)

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refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot (dorsum pedis).

Dorsal (dor-sal)

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also refers to the back or posterior aspect of the hand (dorsum manus)

Dorsal

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refers to the palm of the hand; in the anatomic position, the same as the anterior or ventral surface of the hand.’

Palmar (pal-mar)

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is a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient,

Projection

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Posteroanterior (pos'-ter-o-an-te-re-or) (PA) projection refers to a projection of the CR from

posterior to anterior.

The CR enters at the posterior surface and exits at the anterior surface

(PA projection)

This projection assumes a true PA without intentional rotation, which requires the CR to be perpendicular to the __ plane and parallel to the __,

perpendicular to the coronal body plane and parallel to the sagittal plane,

Anteroposterior (an-ter-o-pos-te-re-or) (AP) projection refers to a projection of the CR from

anterior to posterior,

Anteroposterior describes the direction of travel of the CR, which enters at an _ and exits at a _(AP projection)

which enters at an anterior surface and exits at a posterior surface (AP projection)

The term assumes a true AP without rotation unless a qualifier term also is used, indicating it to be an __ projection.

oblique

__ ankle projection, the CR enters the medial aspect and exits the lateral aspect of the ankle.

mediolateral

position is used in two ways, first as __ and second as __

general body positions, as described next, and second as specific body positions,

Lying on back, facing upward

Supine (soo-pine):

Lying on abdomen, facing downward (head turned

Prone (prohn

An upright position, to stand or sit up

Erect (e-reckt) (upright):

Lying down in any position (prone, supine, or on side)

Recumbent (re-kum-bent) (reclining):

Lying on back (supine)

Dorsal recumbent:

Lying face down (prone)

Ventral recumbent:

: Lying on side (right or left lateral)

Lateral recumbent

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet

Trendelenburg® (tren-del-en-berg) position:

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet

Reverse Trendelenburg position:

A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back

Left lateral recumbent position for enema tip insertion (semiprone position):

A recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

Lithotomy (i-thot-o-me) position:

refers to the side of, or a side view.

Lateral (lat-er-al) position

Specific lateral positions are described by the side of the body

closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits

right lateral position is shown with the right side of the body

closest to the IR in the erect position

refers to an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR.

Oblique (ob-lek, or ob-lik)' (oh bleek, or oh blike') position

Oblique body positions of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis are described by the side of the body

closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits.

LPO and RPO describe the specific oblique positions in which the left or right posterior aspect of the body is

closest to the IR

Obliques of upper and lower limbs are described correctly as AP and PA oblique but require the use of either _\_ as a qualifier

medial or lateral rotation

RAO and LAO refer to oblique positions in which the right or left anterior aspect of the body is

closest to the IR and can be erect or recumbent general body positions.

The word _ literally means to lie down, or the position assumed in lying down. Could be on side

decubitus (de-ku bi-tus)

This body position, meaning to lie on a horizontal surface, is designated according to the surface on which the body is resting. This term describes a patient who is lying on one of the following body surfaces: back (dorsal), front (ventral, or side (right or left lateral).

Decub position

In radiographic positioning, decubitus is always performed with the CR

horizontal

Decubitus positions are essential for detecting

air-fluid levels or free air in a body cavity such as the chest or abdomen, where the air rises to the uppermost part of the body cavity.

the patient is lying on the dorsal (posterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR

Decubitus Position-Left or Right Lateral In this position,

Dorsal Decubitus Position-Left or Right Lateral is named according to the surface on which the patient is lying

(dorsal or ventral) and by the side closest to the IR (right or left).

In this position, the patient is lying on the ventral (anterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR

Ventral Decubitus Position-Right or Left Lateral

refers to the long axis of a structure or part (around which a rotating body turns or is arranged).

Axial (ak-se-al)

In radiographic positioning, the term axial is used to describe any angle of the CR of 10° or more along the long axis of the body or body part.7

Special application-AP or PA axial:

The __ projection, such as a special nasal bone projection is a projection in which the central ray enters the anatomy from a superior and exits the inferior direction

The supero-inferior

The __ projection, such as a special nasal bone projection is a projection in which the central ray enters the anatomy from a superior and exits the inferior direction

The supero-inferior

means touching a curve or surface at only one point.

Tangential (ta-jen-shal)

This is a special use of the term projection to describe the CR that skims a body part to project the anatomy into profile and free of superimposition of surrounding body structures.

Tangential (ta-jen-shal)

This is a lateral projection through the thorax. shoulder is closest to the IR and is being examined (Fig. 1.79).

Transthoracic Lateral Projection (Right Lateral Position)

describes the path of the CR from the dorsal (anterior) surface to the plantar (posterior) surface of the foot

Dorsoplantar (DP)

A special plantodorsal projection of the heel bone (calcaneus) is called an __ because the angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits the dorsal surface

axial plantodorsal projection (PD)

The CR enters at the cranial parietal bone and exits at the acan-thion (junction of nose and upper lip) for the __ (Fig. 1.82).

parietoacanthial projection

The CR enters at the cranial parietal bone and exits at the acan-thion (junction of nose and upper lip) for the parietoacanthial projection. The opposite CR direction would describe the acanthioparietal projection These are also known as

PA Waters and AP Reverse Waters

The CR enters below the chin, or mentum, and exits at the vertex or top of the skull for the

submentovertical (SMV) projection

The less common, opposite projection of this would be the __ projection, entering at the top of the skull and exiting below the mandible (not shown).

verticosubmental (VSM)

refers to toward versus away from the center, or median plane.

Medial (me'-de-al) versus lateral

In the anatomic position, the medial aspect of any body part is the __to the median plane, and the lateral part is __ the center

"inside" part closest away from

__is near the source or beginning, and __ is away from.

Proximal (prok-si-mal) distal (dis'-tal)

means toward the head end of the body;

Cephalad (sef-ah-lad)

means away from the head end of the body.

caudad (kaw-dad)

A __ is any angle toward the head end of the body

cephalad angle—(Fig. 1.86; also see Fig. 1.88). (Cephalad, or cephalic, literally means "head" or "toward the head.")

A __ is any angle toward the feet or away from the head end (Fig. 1.87).

caudad angle—(Caudad or caudal comes from cauda, literally meaning "tail.")

__ is inside of something, nearer to the center, and __ is situated on or near the outside.

Interior exterior

is nearer the skin surface; deep is farther away.

Superficial

__ is on the same side of the body or part; is on the opposite side.

Ipsilateral (ip-si-lat-er-al) contralateral (kon*-trah-lat-er-al)

decreases the angle of the joint

Flexion

increases the angle as the body part moves from a flexed to a straightened position.

Extension

is extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position.

Hyperextension

literally means "to turn aside" or "to turn away from the standard or course."

Deviation

__) is to turn or bend the hand and wrist from the natural position toward the ulnar side, and radial deviation __ is toward the radial side of the wrist.

Ulnar deviation radial deviation

is an outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint (Fig. 1.95).

Eversion (e-ver-zhun)

is inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg (Fig. 1.96).

Inversion (in-ver-zhun)

describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced outward from the midline of the body.

Valgus (val-gus)

Valgus sometimes is used to describe

eversion stress of the ankle joint.

describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced inward toward the midline of the body.

Varus (va-rus)

The term varus stress sometimes is used to describe __ applied at the ankle joint.

inversion stress

rotation is a rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the inside, or median, plane

Medial

Lateral rotation is a rotation of an anterior body part

toward the outside, or away from the median plane

Lateral rotation is a rotation of an anterior body part

toward the outside, or away from the median plane

is a rotational movement of the hand into the anatomic position (palm up in supine position or forward in erect position)

Supination (su*-pi-na'-shun

is a rotation of the hand into the opposite of the anatomic position (palm down or back)

Pronation (pro-na-shun)

is a movement forward from a normal position

Protraction (pro-trak-shun)

is a movement backward or the condition of being drawn back

Retraction (re-trak-shun)

is a lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly

Elevation

is a letting down, lowering, or moving of a part inferiorly

Depression

is to turn a body part on its axis.

Rotate

is a slanting movement with respect to the long axis.

Tilt

means to move around in the form of a circle

Circumduction (ser"-kum-duk-shun)

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(104 cards)