Chapter 3 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
These acute or emergency conditions require what is commonly referred to as an “__” wherein several abdominal images are performed in different positions to demonstrate air-fluid levels, free air, or both within the abdominal cavity.
A
acute abdominal series,
2
Q
Typically, a __ are performed to complete the acute abdominal series
A
supine KUB, an upright AP or decubitus abdomen, and a PA or AP chest
3
Q
The___ must be perfectly motionless during imaging of the abdomen or the chest.
A
diaphragm
4
Q
The most important in abdominal radiography are the
A
right and left hemidiaphragms and the right and left psoas (so-es) major
5
Q
The six organs of the digestive system are as follows:
A
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
6
Q
The three digestive organs within the abdominal cavity are the
A
stomach and small and large intestines
7
Q
The __ is the first organ of the digestive system located entirely within the abdominal cavity.
A
stomach
8
Q
The __ continues from the stomach as a long, tubelike convoluted structure about 15 to 18 feet (4.5
to 5.5 m in length.
A
small intestine
9
Q
The small intestine’s three parts are labeled in descending order in are as follows:
A
duodenum (doo-o-de-num) (A); jejunum (ie-joo-num) (B); and ileum (il-eum) (C).
10
Q
The first portion of the small intestine, the __, is the shortest and widest, in diameter of the three seg-ments. It is about 10 inches (25 cm) in length.
A
duo-denum
11
Q
Ducts from the __ drain into the duodenum to aid digestive functions.
A
liver, gallblad-der, and pancreas
12
Q
The first two-fifths, following the duodenum, are the __, and the distal three-fifths are the __.
A
jejunum ileum
13
Q
The orifice (valve) between the distal ileum and the cecum portion of the large intestine is the
A
ileocecal valve
14
Q
The sixth and last organ of digestion is the __, which begins in the right lower quadrant at the junction of the small intestine and the ileocecal valve.
A
large intestine
15
Q
The portion of the large intestine below the ileocecal valve is a saclike portion named the __.
A
cecum
16
Q
The __ is attached to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum
A
appendix (vermiform appendix)
17
Q
The vertical portion of the large bowel, above the cecum, the __, joins the transverse colon at the right colic (kol-ik, referring to the colon) flexure.
A
ascending colon
18
Q
The transverse colon joins the __ at the left colic flexure.
A
descending colon
19
Q
Alternative secondary names for the two colic flexures are __, based on their proximity to the liver and spleen,
A
hepatic (right) and splenic (left) flexures
20
Q
The descending colon continues as the __.
A
S-shaped sigmoid colon in the lower left abdomen
21
Q
The __ is the final 6 inches (15 cm) of the large intestine.
A
rectum
22
Q
The rectum ends at the __, the sphincter muscle at the terminal opening of the large
A
anus
23
Q
shape and location of the large intestine varies greatly, with the transverse colon located _ in the abdomen of broad hypersthenic body types and __ in the abdomen of slender hyposthenic and asthenic body types
A
high , low
24
Q
The spleen is the part of the __ that, along with the heart and blood vessels, is part of the circulatory system.
A
lymphatic system
25
It is an essential abdominal organ that occupies a space posterior and to the left of the stomach in the left upper quadrant,
Spleen
26
Three accessory organs of digestion, also located in the abdominal cavity, are the
(1) pancreas, (2) liver, and (3) gallbladder.
27
of digestion are outside the digestive tract but aid in digestion via the materials they secrete into the digestive tract.
Accessory organs
28
, which is not visualized in an abdominal image, is an elongated gland located posterior to the stomach and near the posterior abdominal wall, between the duodenum and the spleen.
The pancreas
29
The relationship between the duodenum and the head of the pancreas is sometimes referred to as
the romance of the abdomen."
30
is part of the endocrine (internal) secretion system and the exocrine (external) secretion system.
pancreas
31
The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces essential hormones, such as __, which aids in controlling the blood sugar level of the body.
insulin
32
large intestine varies greatly, with the transverse colon located __ in the abdomen of broad hypersthenic body types and __ in the abdomen of slender hyposthenic and asthenic body types
high, low
33
The spleen is the part of the __ system
lymphatic
34
is an essential abdominal organ that occupies a space posterior and to the left of the stomach in the left upper quadrant,
Spleen
35
Three accessory organs of digestion, also located in the abdominal cavity, are
the (1) pancreas, (2) liver, and (3) gallbladder.
36
of digestion are outside the digestive tract but aid in digestion via the materials they secrete into the digestive tract.
Accessory organs
37
is an elongated gland located posterior to the stomach and near the posterior abdominal wall, between the duodenum and the spleen.
The pancreas
38
is the largest solid organ in the body, occupying most of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
liver
39
The __ is the largest solid organ in the body, occupying most of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
liver
40
The liver has numerous functions, one of which is the production of bile that assists in the
emulsification (breakdown) of fats.
41
is a pear-shaped sac located posterior and inferior to the liver.
gallbladder
42
The gallbladder contracts and releases the stored bile when stimulated by an
appropriate hormone (cho-lecystokinin).
43
In most cases, the gallbladder cannot be visualized without the use of contrast media because the gallbladder and the biliary ducts are
similar in tissue density and subject contrast to the surrounding abdominal soft tissues.
44
is the presence of one or more calculi (gallstones) in the gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis
45
Gallstones are composed of either __ made of bile salts, phosphate, and carbon-ate.
cholesterol or pigments
Cholesterol-based gallstones are more commonly found in populations within the United States (80%), whereas pigment-based stones are more commonly found in populations within Asia.
46
Only about 20% of all gallstones contain enough __ to allow visualization on an abdominal image.
calcium
47
The majority of gallstones are
radiolucent (not visible radiographically).~
48
The majority of gallstones are radiolucent (not visible radiographically).~ Alternative imaging modal-ities, such as diagnostic medical __ are better able to detect the presence and location of radiolucent gallstones.
sonography
49
The urinary system comprises the following (Fig. 3.10):
• Two kidneys
• Two ureters (u-re'-ters or yoo-ret'-ers) 3
• One urinary bladder
• One urethra (u-re'-thrah or yoo-re'-thra)
50
Each kidney drains via its
ureter to the single urinary bladder.
51
The bladder, situated superior and posterior to the symphysis pubis, stores urine. Under voluntary control, the stored urine passes to the exterior environment via the
urethra
52
The right kidney is typically situated a little more inferior than the left kidney because of the presence of the
liver on the right.
53
Waste materials, including excess water, are eliminated from the blood by the __ and are transported through the __ to the __
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder.
54
The kidneys are usually faintly demonstrated on an abdominal image because of a
fatty capsule surrounding each kidney.
55
The contrast medium examination is an __, which examines the urinary system performed with an intravenous contrast medium. During this exami-nation, the hollow organs of this system are visualized by the contrast medium that has been filtered from the blood flow by the kidneys.
excretory or intravenous urogram (IVU)
56
Four terms that describe the abdominal cavity anatomy
1. Peritoneum (per"-i-to-ne-um)
2. Mesentery (mes'-en-ter-e)
3. Omentum (o-men-tum)
4. Mesocolon (mez'-o-ko-lon)
57
Most of the abdominal structures and organs and the wall of the abdominal cavity in which they are contained are covered to varying degrees by a large serous, double-walled, saclike membrane called the
peritoneum.
58
Two types of peritonea exist:
parietal and vis-ceral.
59
The two-layered peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal cavity wall is the __, whereas the portion that covers an organ is the ___.
parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum
60
__ is the space or cavity between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum.
The peritoneal cavity
61
peritoneal cavity also contains some serous lubricating-type fluid, allowing organs to move against each other without friction. An abnormal accumulation of this serous fluid is a condition called
ascites
62
__ peritoneum only partially covers specific organs that are more closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall.
visceral____At this level, the ascending and descending colon, the aorta, and the inferior vena cava are only partially cov-ered; therefore, this lining would not be considered mesentery, and these structures and organs are called retroperitoneal, as described
63
The __ forms large folds that bind the abdominal organs to each other and the walls of the abdomen.
peritoneum
64
Blood and lymph vessels, and the nerves that supply these abdominal organs, are contained within these folds of the.
peritoneum
65
is the specific term for a double fold of peritoneum that loosely connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
66
The mesentery is the __ that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelop a loop of the small bowel.
double fold of the peritoneum
67
The mesentery is the __ that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelop a loop of the small bowel.
double fold of the peritoneum
68
The peritoneum forms large folds that bind the abdominal organs to each other and the walls of the abdomen. Blood and lymph vessels, and the nerves that supply these abdominal organs, are contained within these folds of the peritoneum. One of these double folds that hold the small intestine in place is known as __.
mesentery
69
___ forms large folds that bind the abdominal organs to each other and the walls of the abdomen. Blood and lymph vessels, and the nerves that supply these abdominal organs, are contained within these folds of the ___.
peritoneum, peritoneum
70
The term __ refers to a double-fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ
omentum
71
The lesser omentum extends
superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver.
72
The greater omentum connects the
transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach infe-riorly.
73
The greater omentum drapes over the
small bowel then folds back on itself to form an apron along the anterior abdominal wall
74
Varying amounts of fat are deposited in the greater omentum, which is a layer of insulation between the abdominal cavity and the exterior. This is sometimes called the
"fatty apron" because of its location and the amount of fat contained therein
75
is the peritoneum that connects the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
mesocolon
76
The prefix meso- refers to
mesentery-type folds from which other abdominal organs are suspended.
77
Four forms of mesocolon exist, each named according to the portion of the colon to which it is attached:
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid or pelvic.
78
Name the the visceral peritoneum that loosely connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
transverse mesocolon
79
The major portion of the peritoneal cavity is the
greater sac and is commonly referred to as the peritoneal cavity.
80
The lesser sac is a smaller portion of the upper posterior peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach known as the
omentum bursa.
81
retroperito-neal means
(retro, meaning "backward" or "behind")
82
infraperitoneal means __ in relation to the peritoneal cavity
infra, meaning "under" or "beneath")
83
Structures closely attached to the retroperitoneal posterior abdominal wall are the
kidneys and ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, C-loop of the duodenum (aspect adjacent to the head of the pancreas), ascending and descending colon, upper rectum, abdominal aorta, and inferior vena cava.
84
These retroperitoneal structures
are less __, within the
abdomen than other intraperitoneal organs.
mobile
85
Anatomy that’s Located under or beneath the peritoneum, in the true pelvis, are the
lower rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.
86
Organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or wholly covered by some type of visceral peritoneum, but are not retroperi-toneal or infraperitoneal, may be called __
intraperitoneal
87
intraperitoneal (intra, meaning "within". These organs, which have been removed from the drawing in Fig. 3.17, include the
liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and transverse and sigmoid colon.
88
The lower aspect of the peritoneum is a closed sac in (gender)
male but not in the female.
89
In males, the lower peritoneal sac lies above the
urinary bladder, completely separating the reproductive organs from those within the peritoneal cavity (see Fig. 3.16).
90
lIn females, the uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and ovaries pass directly into the.
peritoneal cavity
91
If two imaginary perpendicular planes (at right angles) were passed through the abdomen at the umbilicus (or navel), they would divide the abdomen into four quadrants. One plane would be transverse through the abdomen at the level of the umbilicus, which in most people is at the intervertebral disk level
between L4 and L5 (fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae), which is at about the level of the iliac crests on a female.
92
If two imaginary perpendicular planes (at right angles) were passed through the abdomen at the umbilicus (or navel), they would divide the abdomen into four quadrants
The vertical plane would coincide with the midsagittal plane, or midline, of the abdomen and would pass through both the __
umbilicus and the symphysis pubis.
93
If two imaginary perpendicular planes (at right angles) were passed through the abdomen at the umbilicus (or navel), they would divide the abdomen into four quadrants
These two planes would divide the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants:
right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
94
The abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into nine regions by using
two horizontal or transverse planes and two vertical planes.
95
The abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into nine regions by using two horizontal or transverse planes and two vertical planes.
The two transverse/horizontal planes are the __. The two vertical planes are the __
transpyloric plane and the transtubercular plane.
right and left lateral planes
96
The transpyloric plane is at the lower border of __, and the transtubercular plane is at the level of __ The right and left lateral planes are parallel to the midsagittal plane and are located midway between it and each anterior superior iliac spine
LI (first lumbar vertebra), L5.
97
The nine regions of abdomen
1. Right hypochondriac
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondriac
4. Right lateral (lumbar)
5. Umbilical
6. Left lateral (lumbar)
7. Right inguinal (iliac)
8. Pubic (hypogastric)
9. Left inguinal (iliac)
98
The following seven palpable landmarks are essential in positioning the abdomen or locating organs within the abdomen
1. Xiphoid process (level of T9 to 10):
2. Inferior costal (rib) margin (level of L2 to L3):
3. Iliac crest (level of L4 to L5 vertebral interspace):
4. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS):
5. Greater trochanter:
6. Symphysis pubis:
99
Xiphoid process is at the level of
T9 to 10):
100
2. Inferior costal (rib) margin is at the level of
L2 to L3)
101
This landmark is used to locate upper abdominal organs, such as the gallbladder and stomach.
2. Inferior costal (rib) margin (level of L2 to L3):
102
3. Iliac crest is at the level of
L4 to L5 vertebral interspace):
103
This landmark is commonly used to position pelvic and vertebral structures but can also serve as a secondary landmark for general abdominal positioning
Asis
104
the greater trochanter is at about the same level as the
superior border of the sym-physis.
105
The most superior anterior
portion of the pubis can be palpated
when the patient is in a supine position.
106
The most superior anterior
portion of the pubis corresponds to the
inferior margin of the abdomen.
107
The double walled membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the
A. Greater omentum B. Mesentery C. Lesser omentum D. Peritoneum
D
108
At the junction of the small and large intestine is the
Ileocecal valve
109
The kidneys are connected to the bladder by the way of the A. Urethra B. Renal artery C. Ureter D. Renal vein
C
110
Which of the following structures connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesentery
111
Another term describing a nontechnical bowel obstruction is A. Pneumoperitoneum B. Paralytic ileus C.Ascites D. Intussusception
B
112
A chronic disease involving inflammation of the large intestine is A. Ascites B. Volvulus C. Crohn disease D. Ulcerative colitis
D
113
Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity is A. Pneumothorax B.Ileus C. Pneumoperitoneum D. Volvulus
C
114
Free air in the intro-abdominal cavity rises to the level of the __ in a patient who is in the ercet position? A. Greater omentum B. Diaphragm C. Intraperitoneal Cavity D. Liver
B
115
Which of the following conditions is demonstrated radiographically as general abdominal haziness A. Pneumoperitoneum B. Ascites C. Ileus D. Volvulus
B
116
Which one of the following conditions is demonstrated radiographically as distended, air-filled loops of the small bowel? A. Ascites B. Ulcerative colitis C. Pneumoperitoneum D. Ileus
D
117
Which of the following sets of exposure factors would be ideal for abdominal radiography (for a sthenic adult)? A. 110 kvp, grid, 40 in Sid B. 78kvp, grid, 40 C. 78kvp, grid, 72 D. 65kvp, grid, 40
B
118
Most abdominal projections are taken: A. In expiration B. During shallow breathing C. On inspiration D. During deep breathing
A
119
A patient with a possible perforated bowel caused by trauma enter the Er. The patient is unable to stand. Which projection best demonstrates any possible free air within the abdomen A. Dorsal decubitus B. Left lateral decub C. Ap supine abdomien D. Right lateral decub
B
120
A part. With a possible ileus enters the emergency room. The physician orders an acute abdominal series. The patient can stand. Which specific best demonstrates air/fluid levels in the abdomen?
Ap erect
121
A patient with a clinical history of a possible umbilical hernia comes to the radiology department. The KUB is inconclusive. Which additional projection can be undertaken to help confirm the diagnosis?
A. AP erect abdomen
C. Dorsal decubitus
B. Left lateral decubitus
D. Ventral decubitus
C
122
A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of pneumoperitoneum. The patient is able to stand. Which of the following projections best demonstrates this condition?
A. AP supine abdomen
C. Dorsal decubitus
B. AP erect abdomen
D. Left lateral decubitus
B
123
A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of ascites. The patient is unable to stand or sit erect. Which of the following projections best demonstrates this condition?
A. AP supine abdomen
C. Dorsal decubitus
B. Left lateral decubitus
D. AP supine chest
B
124
A patient comes in the ER with possible gallstones. The patient is in severe pain. Which of the following imaging modalities or projections provides the quickest method for confirming the presence of gallstones?
A. DMS
C. MR
B. Acute abdomen series
D. KUB
A
125
A patient comes into the ER with the history of Crohn disease. An acute abdomen series is ordered on this patient. Which of the following is the reason for this order?
A. Verify diagnosis
C. Identify location of gallstones
B. Identify current status of intestinal inflammation
D. Verify current infection
B
126
Which of the following alternative imaging modalities is most effectively used to evaluate GI motility and reflux?
A. CT
B. MR
C. DMS
D. Nuclear medicine
D
127
Which of the following technical factors is essential when using digital imaging to ensure a high-quality image is produced?
A. Low kVp
B. 72
C. Large focal spot
D. Close collimation
D
128
Which portion of the small intestine is considered to be the longest
Ileum
129
The large intestine begins in the __ quad with a scale area called the __
Right lower, cecum
130
The sigmoid colon is located between the _ and __ of the large intestines
Descending colon, rectum
131
The pancreas is located anterior or posteriorly to the stomach
Posteriorly
132
The correct term for the radiographic study of the entire urinary system is the entire utinary system is the intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
F- its intravenous urogram IVU. IVP is a study of the collecting system of the kidneys specifically
133
The organs located posteriorly to, or behind, the serious membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity are referred to as
Retroperitoneal
134
Which of the following structures helps stabilize and support the small intestine A. Omentum B. Peritoneum C. Viscera D. Mesentery
D
135
Which of the following structures is a double fold of peritoneum that’s connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach A. Mesocolon B. Lesser omentum C. Greater omentum D. Mesentery
C
136
Name all sutures in RUQ
Liver
Gallbladder
Right colic hepatic flexure
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Right kidney
Right supratenal gland
137
Name all structures in LUQ
Spleen
Stomach
Left colic (splenic) flexure
Tail of pancreas
Left kidney
Left suprarenal gland
138
Name all structures in RLQ
Ascending colon
Appendix
Cecum
2/3 of ileum
Ileocecal valve
139
Name all structures in LLQ
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
2/3 of jejunum
140
The xiphoid process is at the level of
T9-T10
141
Inferior costal margin is at the level of
L2-L3
142
Iliac crest is at the level of
L4 to L5
143
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name right top section
Right hypochondriac
144
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name middle top section
Epigastic does include some stomach
145
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name left top section
Left hypochondriac
146
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name right mid section
Right lateral (lumbar)
147
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name middle mid section
Umbilical (belly button area)
148
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name left mid section
Left lateral (lumbar)
149
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name right bottom section
Right inguinal (iliac)
150
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name middle bottom section
Pubic (hypogastric)
151
Using the 9 regions of abdomen: name left bottom section
Left inguinal (iliac)
152
Centering for KUB supine
At iliac crest
153
Centering lateral decub position
2 inch above iliac crest
154
Erect abdomen centering
2 inches above iliac crest
155
Lateral abdomen centering
At iliac crest
