Chapter 1

Question 1

Define language

Answer 1

A “complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication”

Question 2

The translation of one kind of information into another using symbols

Answer 2

Code

Question 3

Smallest units of language that carry meaning

Answer 3

Morphemes

Question 4

The relationship between a word and its referent is…?

Answer 4

Arbitrary

Question 5

What are the four characteristics of language?

Answer 5

Language is a system of symbols/code, conventional, dynamic, and a tool for human communication

Question 6

The process of sharing information among two or more people

Answer 6

Communication

Question 7

What is modularity?

Answer 7

A cognitive science theory that questions whether the brain is composed of several different modules or is itself a module

Question 8

A specialized problem-solving device in the brain

Answer 8

A module

Question 9

What are the types of modules?

Answer 9

Domain specific modules: can process specific types of information

Domain general modules: can carry out more general tasks such as memory and reasoning

Question 10

The neuromuscular process by which language is turned into a sound signal and transmitted to a receiver

Answer 10

Speech

Question 11

What are the four systems of speech?

Answer 11

Respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

Question 12

What are the four acoustic events involved in the transmission and reception of speech?

Answer 12

1. Creation of a sound source
2. Vibration of air particles
3. Reception by the ear
4. Comprehension by the brain

Question 13

What is auditory overshadowing?

Answer 13

When children have a preference for auditory information (as compared to visual)

Question 14

Define coarticulation

Answer 14

Phonemes overlapping during phonemic production

Question 15

What are the four processes involved in communication?

Answer 15

Formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension

Question 16

Define pre-intentional communication

Answer 16

Other people assume a relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent (a baby’s cry)

Question 17

Define intentional communication

Answer 17

The relationship between the communicative behavior and referent is not arbitrary

Question 18

Three reasons to communicate:

Answer 18

To request, to reject, or to comment

Question 19

What is linguistic feedback?

Answer 19

Verbalized/spoken feedback

Question 20

What is non/extralinguistic feedback?

Answer 20

The use of eye contact, posture, facial expression, proximity, etc.

Question 21

What is paralinguistic feedback?

Answer 21

Using vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, and pausing

Question 22

What is the primary purpose of communication?

Answer 22

To provide and solicit feedback

Question 23

What are the major domains of language?

Answer 23

Form, content, and use

Question 24

How words, sentences, and sound are organized and arranged to convey meaning

Answer 24

Form

Question 25

The words used and their meaning

Answer 25

Content

Question 26

How people draw on language functionally to meet needs

Answer 26

Use

Question 27

Our vocabulary system is also known as...?

Answer 27

Lexicon

Question 28

What is contextualized language vs decontextualized language?

Answer 28

Contextualized language focuses on the immediate context, whereas decontextualized language has little or no context provided

Question 29

What are the five components of language?

Answer 29

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

Question 30

What is phonology?

Answer 30

The rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words

Question 31

What is syntax?

Answer 31

The rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

Question 32

What is morphology?

Answer 32

The rules of language governing the internal organization of words

Question 33

What is semantics?

Answer 33

The rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations

Question 34

What is pragmatics?

Answer 34

The rules of language governing language use for social purposes

Question 35

What are the remarkable features of language?

Answer 35

Acquisition rate, universality, species specificity, semanticity, and productivity

Question 36

What is universality?

Answer 36

The idea that all people learn language using the same processes and cognitive infrastructure

Question 37

What is species specificity?

Answer 37

The idea that the complexity of human language far exceeds the language of any other animal

Question 38

What does semanticity allow?

Answer 38

Semanticity allows people to represent decontextualized events (share past or previous events)

Question 39

What is productivity?

Answer 39

The idea that we can endlessly create using the same small number of units of language

Question 40

Define language differences

Answer 40

The variability among language users

Question 41

Define dialect

Answer 41

The natural variations of a language that evolve within specific cultural or geographic boundaries

Question 42

What is code-switching?

Answer 42

Interchanges between the syntax and vocabulary of two languages

Question 43

What is simultaneous vs sequential bilinguism?

Answer 43

Simultaneous bilinguism is when two languages are acquired at the same time, and sequential bilinguism is when one language is acquired first, and the second one later

Question 44

What is associated with accelerated rates of language development?

Answer 44

Higher caregiver responsiveness

Question 45

What is the most common type of communication impairment in children?

Answer 45

Specific language impairment (SLI)

Question 46

What percentage of children are affected by SLI?

Answer 46

7-10%