Chapter 2

Question 1

Define phonological development

Answer 1

Acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables and words

Question 2

What are minimal pairs?

Answer 2

Words that differ by only one phoneme

Question 3

What are phonotactic rules?

Answer 3

The rules that specify the order of sounds in syllables and words and the places where certain phonemes can and cannot occur

Question 4

How do infants segment words as they learn them?

Answer 4

They use phonotactic and prosodic cues

Question 5

Do vowels or consonants develop first?

Answer 5

Vowels

Question 6

Phonological knowledge and production allow for intelligible speech by age…?

Answer 6

3-4

Question 7

What is phonological awareness?

Answer 7

The ability to attend to phonological units of speech

Question 8

What is functional load?

Answer 8

The importance of a phoneme in the phonemic inventory of the language

Question 9

What is the first grammatical morpheme developed, and at what age?

Answer 9

The progressive “-ing” at age 2

Question 10

AAE

Answer 10

African American English

Question 11

GAE

Answer 11

General American English

Question 12

What is a hallmark feature of SLI?

Answer 12

Difficulty with grammatical morphology… children with SLI use “-ing” with only 25% accuracy

Question 13

What is very important in estimating syntactic development?

Answer 13

Mean length of utterance (MLU)

Question 14

What are the three sentence modalities?

Answer 14

Declarative, negative, and interogative

Question 15

By what age should children have mastered declarative sentences?

Answer 15

3 years old

Question 16

By what age should children have mastered negative sentences?

Answer 16

4 years old

Question 17

By what age should children have mastered interrogative sentences?

Answer 17

Preschool age

Question 18

What is a phrase?

Answer 18

A cluster of words organized around a head

Question 19

What is a clause?

Answer 19

A syntactic structure containing a verb or verb phrase

Question 20

What is child-directed speech?

Answer 20

Talk directed at children by others

Question 21

What is receptive lexicon?

Answer 21

The volume of words a person understands

Question 22

What is expressive lexicon?

Answer 22

The volume of words a person uses

Question 23

What are the five semantic categories?

Answer 23

Specific nominals (poodle), general nominals (dog), action words, modifiers, and personal-social words

Question 24

Define lead-in

Answer 24

An adult labels an object or event outside of the child’s attentional focus

Question 25

Define follow-in

Answer 25

An adult labels an object or event that is the child's current focus or attention

Question 26

Ostensive word-learning contexts provide...?

Answer 26

Lots of contextual information about a new word

Question 27

Nonostensive word-learning contexts provide...?

Answer 27

Little information to help derive the meaning of a new word

Question 28

Activation of specific entries spreads across the network according to connection strength

Answer 28

Spreading activation

Question 29

How does socioeconomic status affect language development?

Answer 29

Exposure to fewer words

Question 30

What are the three important aspects of pragmatic development?

Answer 30

Using language for different communication functions, developing conversational skills, and gaining sensitivity to extralinguistic cues

Question 31

What is the intentionality hypothesis?

Answer 31

That children's experiences using language to engage with other people fosters their development of form and content

Question 32

The building blocks of cognition

Answer 32

Schema: internal representations of the organizational structures of events

Question 33

What is register?

Answer 33

The stylistic variations in language that occur in different situational contexts (home vs work)

Question 34

Children who can readily switch between dialects have...?

Answer 34

Heightened phonological awareness

Question 36

What is joint attention?

Answer 36

When two people pay attention to the same thing

Question 37

What are the different communication functions?

Answer 37

Instrumental: asking for something Regulatory: giving directions Interactional: interacting socially Personal: expressing state of mind or feelings Heuristic: inquiring and finding out information Imaginative: telling stories and role-playing Informative: giving organized descriptions