chapter 1

Question 1

vacuole

Answer 1

an organelle that stores key molecules, prominent in most plant cells
ex) holds water molecules

Question 2

chloroplast

Answer 2

an organelle that has the molecular machinery required for photosynthesis

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

a stiff structure outside of cells, usually made of carbohydrates

Question 4

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 4

a eukaryotic organelle that forms a branching network of tubes and flattened sacs.
-Place where proteins, lipids, and other molecules are synthesized and processed
-can be rough or smooth

Question 5

golgi

Answer 5

an organelle comprised of stacked, flattened sacs, where proteins and other molecules are processed and packaged for shipment to other locations

Question 6

actin filaments

Answer 6

small diameter, cytoskeletal fibers made of subunits of the actin protein

Question 7

intermediate filaments

Answer 7

cytoskeletal fibers whose size is intermediate between those of actin filaments and microtubes that are made from a variety of protein subunits

Question 8

microtubes

Answer 8

large diameter, hollow cytoskeletal elements made of pairs of alpha and beta tubulin

Question 9

cell membrane

Answer 9

lipid bilayer and membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached to both
regulates ions and molecules that come in and out of the cell

Question 10

genetic material

Answer 10

heritable information present in one or more DNA chromosomes

Question 11

ribosomes

Answer 11

protein-production factories
complex of RNA protein molecules and is the site where amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

Question 12

mRNA

Answer 12

information messenger RNA

Question 13

organelles

Answer 13

membrane-bound internal compartments that consist of a lipid bilayer studded with short carbs. that serve as zipcodes
inside of organelle are molecular machines that preform special tasks essential for cellular life

Question 14

flagella

Answer 14

long, thin projections that extend far beyond the cell membrane and cell wall and propel the cell through water

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

organelle unique to eukaryotes enclosed by a double membrane and containing cells chromosomes

Question 16

mitochondrion

Answer 16

“powerhouse of the cell”
burns sugars to provide energy for the cell

Question 17

eukaryote

Answer 17

species with cells that contain a nucleus and mitochondria

Question 18

prokaryote

Answer 18

species in the lineages Archaea and Bacteria, cells that lack a nucleus

Question 19

what do carbohydrates include

Answer 19

the building block of molecules called simple sugars as well as larger molecules made of sugars that are covalently linked to each other

Question 20

monosaccharides

Answer 20

-simple sugars
-they include a chain of carbons, a carbonyl (C=O) group
-several -OH (hydroxyl) groups

Question 21

monosaccharides can link together and form larger

Answer 21

carbohydrates

Question 22

gylcan

Answer 22

formed when many simple sugars are linked to each other

Question 23

glycosidic linkages

Answer 23

monosaccharides connect to form glycans via covalent bonds

Question 24

phosphodiester linkages

Answer 24

nucleotides form nucleic acids via covalent bonds

Question 25

peptide bonds

Answer 25

amino acids form proteins via covalent bonds

Question 26

carbohydrate functions

Answer 26

-energy storage and processing -structural support -identification of cells and cell parts (act as a "zipcode" in an organism)

Question 27

glycan is made up of

Answer 27

monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 28

what are some functions that can be carried out by a protein

Answer 28

-help start (or continue) biochemical reactions in cells -provide support and structure for a cell -transporting molecules in and out of the cell

Question 29

functional groups involved in making a peptide bond

Answer 29

-an amine group and a carboxylic acid group ex) (-NH2) and (-COOH)

Question 30

if an amino group (-NH2) was removed, what processes would be affected?

Answer 30

-formation of peptide bonds -formation of hydrogen bonds

Question 31

what levels of protein structure are affected when a protein is denatured?

Answer 31

secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 32

antibodies

Answer 32

help protect from infection

Question 33

enzymes

Answer 33

allow organisms to extract energy from food and build biomolecules

Question 34

peptide bonds

Answer 34

proteins form when amino acids link together via covalent bonds with a carboxyl and amino groups

Question 35

primary structure

Answer 35

the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds linked in a chain

Question 36

secondary structure and its 2 elements

Answer 36

-it is not a straight sequence of amino acids -a-helix (barrel strands) -b-pleated sheets (bent rectangle things)

Question 37

in both a-helix and b-pleated sheets the hydrogen bonds form b/w...

Answer 37

partial charges on H and O atoms in peptide-bonded backbone

Question 38

in a-helix, the R-groups that stick out side of the spiral

Answer 38

they are free to interact w/ other parts of the same protein or different molecules

Question 39

R-groups

Answer 39

functional group that represents a group of atoms attached to a molecule by a hydrogen or carbon atom

Question 40

the folds on a b-pleated sheet create...

Answer 40

secondary structure proteins that do not involve R-groups, only the atoms in the peptide-bonded backbone

Question 41

in a ribbon diagram the arrowheads point

Answer 41

in the direction of the carboxyl end of the protein

Question 42

four general categories if tertiary structures

Answer 42

1) hydrogen bonds b/w partial charges on N-H and C=O groups in peptide backbone and/or opposite partial charges on R-groups 2) Ionic bonds b/w full charges on R-groups 3) Covalent bonds b/w sulfur atoms in R-groups (disulfide bridges) 4) interactions between hydrophobic R-groups

Question 43

what is the function b/w chaperon protiens

Answer 43

-since T-structures must be oriented in an exact way, chaperon proteins help support efficient folding

Question 44

denaturation

Answer 44

the unfolding of proteins

Question 45

quaternary structure

Answer 45

the final level of organization -when folded subunits stick together

Question 46

what are some of the functions of proteins (long list)

Answer 46

-catalysts (making chemical reactions go) -transporting materials -movements (especially in the muscle fibers) -cell structure (component of skin, muscle, bone, cartilage, and tendons) -defense -signaling and communication