more module 3 work (split up)

Question 1

transcription launches the

Answer 1

production of RNAs and protein that function in the cell

Question 2

RNA polymerase

Answer 2

-enzyme
-works in conjunction with other proteins to make an RNA version of the information encoded in a gene

Question 3

why is transcription spontaneous?

Answer 3

b/c the substrates involved are ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) which have high potential energy

Question 4

template strand

Answer 4

the strand that is “read”
the strand transcribed by the RNA polymerase

Question 5

non-template (coding) strand

Answer 5

the complementary strand that is not transcribed

Question 6

the DNA sequence in each gene codes for an

Answer 6

RNA product that will be synthesized by RNA polymerase during transcription

Question 7

every gene has a region of DNA called

Answer 7

a promoter

Question 8

promoter

Answer 8

site where RNA polymerase makes initial contact with DNA to start transcription

Question 9

the initiation of complex proteins bind to

Answer 9

DNA at the promoter and open it, unwinding the double helix

Question 10

“upstream”

Answer 10

part of gene the RNA polymerase has already transcribed

Question 11

“down stream”

Answer 11

part of gene the RNA polymerase has not read or transcribed yet

Question 12

transcriptionally active gene are

Answer 12

-acetylated histones
-de-methylated DNA

Question 13

transcriptionally inactive gene

Answer 13

-de-acetylated histones (w/acetate) ->C2H3O2-
-methylated DNA (w/mythanol)-> CH3OH

Question 14

genetic code

Answer 14

the set of relationships btw the 64 possible codons in mRNA and the amino acids that are added to a newly synthesized protein

Question 15

codon

Answer 15

a group of three bases in an mRNA that codes from an amino acid

Question 16

start codon

Answer 16

codon that determines where translation and protein synthesis begins
-where the sequence of amino acids in protein will start

Question 17

stop codon

Answer 17

signals where translation ends
-previous amino acid becomes the last amino acid in the protein
-usually UAA, UAG, and UGA

Question 18

transcription in eukaryotes requires access to genes, which are…

Answer 18

stored in chromosomes inside the nucleus

Question 19

three key steps transform pre-mRNA into mature RNA

Answer 19

1) Adding 5’ cap
2) splicing out introns
3) adding poly-A tail

Question 20

adding 5’ cap

Answer 20

-as the 5’ end of mRNA emerges from RNA polymerase, enzymes attach a modified form of the nucleotide guanine (G) along with three phosphate groups
- helps protect mRNA from RNA-degrading enzymes and helps RNA bind to the ribosome so translation can begin

Question 21

splicing out introns

Answer 21

-molecular machines cut the RNA strand at end of introns and removes them
-when splicing is complete, remaining exons are joined together

Question 22

adding poly-A tail

Answer 22

on 3’ end of pre-mRNA a special RNA polymerase adds a string of nucleotide adenine (A)
-helps protect mRNA from RNA-degrading enzymes and are binding sites from proteins that interact with ribosomes and make translation likely

Question 23

once a mature mRNA is produced

Answer 23

the amount of protein produced from that message is controlled

Question 24

phsophorylated

Answer 24

when phosphate group is added

Question 25

dephosphorylated

Answer 25

when phosphate group is removed

Question 26

phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can

Answer 26

either activate or deactivate the protein involved -like a light switch

Question 27

kinase

Answer 27

enzyme that adds a phosphate group to other proteins

Question 28

during transcription, RNA forms base-pairs with the ___ strand. The new RNA has the same polarity (with Us not Ts) as the ___ strand.

Answer 28

-template -non-template (coding)

Question 29

new nucleotides in DNA bond to the ___ end of the chain

Answer 29

3'

Question 30

with Rosalind Franklins discovery of the double helix, what did researches find out?

Answer 30

the sugar-phosphate backbone was on the outside, the realized that the complementary base pairs would fir inside and form hydrogen bonds

Question 31

higher number of G and C bonds means...

Answer 31

the strand will have a higher melting point because they have 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 32

Which carbons (1'-5') are bonded to a Phosphate group?

Answer 32

5' and the 3'

Question 33

in the subunits of DNA, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the ___ carbon

Answer 33

3'

Question 34

you could have similar % of nucleotides in tissues, but they produce different proteins, why?

Answer 34

-the genetic info store is maintained in all cell types but only some of the genetic information in the DNA is used in each cell type

Question 35

what are some roles for histones?

Answer 35

-protection of fragile sites on the DNA -compaction of the long DNA strands -control of what DNA info is used and what is stored

Question 36

transcription occurs along a ___ template forming an mRNA in the ___ direction

Answer 36

1) 3' to 5' 2) 5' to 3'

Question 37

the genes in an operon share ___ promoter

Answer 37

a single

Question 38

constitutive expression

Answer 38

genes are expressed at a constant level

Question 39

for alternative splicing, do you need a different gene for every protein that the cell can produce?

Answer 39

no, alternative splicing can lead to the synthesis of several forms of mRNA from a single gene

Question 40

eukaryotic transcription

Answer 40

introns and exons are transcribed, but the RNA from introns does not leave the nucleus

Question 41

the binding of activator proteins regulates...

Answer 41

the conditions under which the RNA polymerase binds to the core promoter