from codon readings 1

Question 1

both plant and animal cells

Answer 1

-eukaryotes
-contain vacuole, mitochondria, nucleus

Question 2

cellulose

Answer 2

-in plant cells
-stiff wall of interlocking fibers made from carbs that helps the plant to not move as much

Question 3

vacuole

Answer 3

-in both plant and animal cells
-more present in plant cells
-holds key molecules such as water

Question 4

chloroplast

Answer 4

-plant cells
-has two membranes and filled with membrane-bound sacs (vesicles) that are packaged with molecular machines to synthesize sugars (photosynthesis)

Question 5

does plant or animal cell have more genes

Answer 5

-plant

Question 6

what linkage type is found in plant cell wall

Answer 6

beta-glycosidic

Question 7

turgor pressure

Answer 7

-plant cell vacuoles store enough water to push against the cell membrane and wall

Question 8

plant leaf’s wilting/drying out is an example of

Answer 8

lower turgor pressure

Question 9

actin filaments

Answer 9

-part of cytoskeleton
-made of strands of intertwined actin
-critical in cell movement such as muscle contraction
-small diameter

Question 10

intermediate filaments

Answer 10

-part of cytoskeleton
-provides structural support

Question 11

microtubules

Answer 11

-part of cytoskeleton
-hallow cylinders
-form roadways to move cargo to different areas
-large diameter

Question 12

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 12

-rough (w/ ribosomes) or smooth (w/o ribosomes)
-in eukaryotes
-network of narrow tubes and flattened sacs
-where proteins and other molecules are processed or synthesized

Question 13

golgi

Answer 13

-organelle composed of stacked, flattened sacs
-where proteins and molecules are processed and packaged for shipment

Question 14

all cells contain

Answer 14

-cell membrane
-genetic material
-ribosomes
-cytoskeletal elements
-organelles
-cell wall
-flagella

Question 15

cell membrane

Answer 15

lipid bilayer and membrane proteins with carbs attached to both
-regulates what ions and molecules come in and out of the cell

Question 16

DNA molecules

Answer 16

chromosomes
-holds heritable information

Question 17

protein production factories

Answer 17

ribosomes

Question 18

organelles

Answer 18

membrane-bound internal compartments
-serve as “zip codes”

Question 19

cell wall

Answer 19

outer limit of the cell which gives shape and protection

Question 20

flagella

Answer 20

extend beyond the cell wall and whip or spin the cell through water

Question 21

archean cells

Answer 21

-single-celled
-smaller than single celled eukaryotes
-live in extreme conditions

Question 22

bacterial cells

Answer 22

-smaller than the average eukaryotic cell
-contain more flagella
-good and bad bacteria
-most single celled but some multicelluar

Question 23

mitochondrion

Answer 23

organelle in eukaryotes
surrounded by two membranes and has a series of sacs and tubes
“power house of cell” (produces ATP by burning sugars)

Question 24

prokaryote

Answer 24

archaea and bacteria
lack nucleus

Question 25

pseudoscience

Answer 25

tradition that tries to explain or predict natural and physical things but does NOT rely on measurable evidence and invokes unnamed mechanisms rather than physical causes

Question 26

hypothesis

Answer 26

proposed explanation for something that researchers observed

Question 27

prediction

Answer 27

statement of an outcome that occurs if hypothesis is correct

Question 28

monosaccharides

Answer 28

-simple sugars -includes chain of carbons, carbonyl group (C=O), and a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 29

carbohydrates are formed from

Answer 29

monosaccharides linking together

Question 30

glycan

Answer 30

many simple sugars link together resulting in a polymer

Question 31

glycosidic linkages

Answer 31

monosaccharides connect to form glycans via covalent bonding

Question 32

phosphodiester

Answer 32

nucleotides form nucleic acids via covalent bonds

Question 33

peptide bonds (short def)

Answer 33

amino acids form proteins via covalent bonding

Question 34

carbon-oxygen-carbon

Answer 34

C-O-C bond type of glycosidic linkages

Question 35

carbohydrates functions

Answer 35

-energy storage -structural support -identification of cell and cell parts ("zip codes")

Question 36

most cells include

Answer 36

-cell membrane -cell wall -genetic material -flagella -cytoskeletal elements -ribosomes

Question 37

building block of cells

Answer 37

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 38

what types of conditions can affect protein structure

Answer 38

heat, chemical reactions, etc

Question 39

polypeptide

Answer 39

-proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids linked by peptide bonds -longer polymer

Question 40

central carbon has 4 e- for bonding

Answer 40

amino group carboxyl group r-group hydrogen

Question 41

electrically charged amino acids (+ or -) are...

Answer 41

hydrophilic and attract opposite charges

Question 42

amino acids that have a polar side chain...

Answer 42

form H-bonds and are hydrophilic

Question 43

non-polar amino acids are...

Answer 43

hydrophobic and cluster together

Question 44

oligopeptide

Answer 44

protein of 20 or fewer amino acids

Question 45

proteins

Answer 45

-compounds of high molar mass consisting of amino acids liked together -both active groups in amino acid must be in specific order for protein to function

Question 46

peptide bond

Answer 46

combination of amino acids which the amine group (on left) and carboxylic acid group (on right) group with other amino acids

Question 47

what are the pros and cons of having organelles

Answer 47

-pros: allows for more efficient and complex cell function, carrying out more specific tasks -cons: more energy is required to carry out cell function, making it slows cell division

Question 48

monosaccharide examples

Answer 48

glucose and fructose

Question 49

disaccharide examples

Answer 49

sucrose and lactose

Question 50

polysaccharide examples

Answer 50

starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Question 51

types of glycosidic bonds

Answer 51

a-glycosidic bonds b-glycosidic bonds

Question 52

a-glycosidic bonds

Answer 52

the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric carbon (subcentral carbon) is in alpha position -BELOW the sugar plate of ring

Question 53

b-glycosidic bonds

Answer 53

hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric carbon (subcentral carbon) is in beta position -ABOVE the sugar plate ring

Question 54

a-glycosidic bonds are typically more

Answer 54

-flexible bonded structures and are more reliable for energy storage

Question 55

b-glycosidic bonds are typically more

Answer 55

-rigid, linear structures and are suitable for structural support