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Parasitology (Lec) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A living organism, which lives in or upon another organism (host) and derives nutrients directly from it, without giving any benefit to the host

A

Parasite

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2
Q

study of animal parasites, which infect and produce diseases in human beings

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Different ways to classify parasites

A
  • Ectoparasites
  • Endoparasites
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4
Q

Inhabit the surface of the body of the host without penetrating into
the tissues

A

Ectoparasites

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5
Q

Parasites, that live within the body of the host

A

Endoparasites

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6
Q

Infection produced by ectoparasites

A

infestation

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7
Q

Invasion by the endoparasite is called

A

infection

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8
Q

different types of endoparasites

A
  • Obligate parasite
  • Facultative parasite
  • Accidental parasite
  • Aberrant parasite or wandering parasite
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9
Q

They cannot exist without a parasitic life in the host

A

Obligate parasite

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10
Q

They can live a parasitic life or free-living life, when the opportunity arises

A

Facultative parasite

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11
Q

They infect an unusual host

A

Accidental parasite

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12
Q

They infect a host where they cannot live or develop further

A

Aberrant parasite or wandering parasite

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13
Q

an organism or animal which harbors the parasite and provides
nourishment and shelter to it

A

Host

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14
Q

it is always larger than the parasite

A

host

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15
Q

list the different types of hosts

A
  • definitive host (primary host)
  • intermediate host (secondary host)
  • reservoir host
  • paratenic host (transport host)
  • additional host
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16
Q
  • host that harbors the adult parasites
  • where a parasite replicates sexually
A

definitive or primary host

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17
Q
  • host which harbors the larval stages of the parasite
  • where the parasites undergoes asexual reproduction
A

intermediate or secondary host

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18
Q
  • a host that harbors, possibly grow, and multiply in the host, and serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts
  • these hosts do not get the symptoms or disease that is carried by the parasite
A

Reservoir Host

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19
Q
  • host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host, usually the definitive host
  • in between the intermediate and definitive hosts
A

Paratenic or Storage Host

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20
Q

host organism that shelters the parasite, but since it can’t progress
the life cycle development, it is dead- end for it

A

Incidental or Accidental host

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21
Q

list the four main types of symbiotic relationships

A
  • mutualism
  • parsitism
  • commensalism
  • amensalism
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22
Q

refers to organisms that live in close proximity to each other and are dependent on each other in one or another way for their survival

A

symbiotic relationships

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23
Q

also known as co-habiting organisms

A

symbionts

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24
Q
  • symbiotic relationship where two living organisms benefit from each other
  • can be within the same or different species
A

Mutualism

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25
type of relationship where both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival
Obligate mutualism
26
this relationship, mutualism benefits an organism, but the organism is not so dependent on mutualism that it cannot survive without it
Facultative mutualism
27
non-mutual symbiotic relationship in which one of the symbionts benefits at the expense of the host, while the host is harmed
Parasitism
28
type of symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits whereas the second partner are neither helped nor harmed
Commensalism
29
the organism that receives the refuge and nourishment in a commensalism relationship is called the what
commensal
30
When organisms live on the external surface of the body of their hosts, they are called
ectocommensals
31
If the commensals live inside the tissues or cavities of animals, they are called
endocommensals
32
type of relationship in which one species is inhibited or completely harmed and the other is not affected
Amensalism
33
negative interaction between a large and a small species or similar species for same resources
Competition
34
type of interaction in which one of the species is killed by a chemical secretion while the other remains unaffected
Antibiosis
35
list the different sources of infection
* man * animal * vectors * contaminated soil and water * raw or under cooked meat * Other sources of infection: Fish, crab or aquatic plants, etc.
36
infection transmitted from one infected man to another man is called
anthroponoses
37
infection which is transmitted from infected animals to humans is called as
zoonoses
38
*an agent, usually an arthropod that transmits the infection from one infected human being to another * can be biological or mechanical
Vectors
39
different mods of transmission
* Oral or feco-oral route * Penetration of the skin and mucous membranes * Sexual contact * Bite of vectors * Vertical transmission * Blood transfusion * Autoinfection
40
It is the most common mode of transmission of the parasites transmitted by ingestion of feces in food and drinks
Oral or feco-oral route
41
Mother to fetus transmission
Vertical transmission
42
different life cycles
* Direct/simple life cycle * Indirect/complex life cycle
43
parasite requires only one host to complete its development
Direct/simple life cycle
44
parasite requires two/ three hosts to complete its development
Indirect/complex life cycle
45
Morphological form of the parasite which is transmitted to man.
infective form
46
The immune response against the parasitic infections depends on two factors
host factors and parasitic factors
47
the resistance which an individual possesses by birth due to genetic and constitutional make-up
innate immunity
48
resistance acquired by an individual during life following exposure to an agent
acquired/adaptive immunity
49
when a parasite enters, the parasitic antigen are processed by the antigen presenting cells which present the antigen peptides to T-helper cells
cell mediated immune response
50
Th-2 response activates the B cells to produce antibodies, which intern have various roles against the parasitic infections.
humoral immune response
51
sometimes immune responses may be exaggerated or inappropriate in the sentisized individuals on re-exposure to the same antigen.
The unwanted or harmful immune responses
52
sometimes immune responses may be exaggerated or inappropriate in the sentisized individuals on re-exposure to the same antigen.
The unwanted or harmful immune responses
53
these are allergic or anaphylactic reactions occurring within minutes of exposure to parasitic antigens due to IgE mediated degranulation of mast cells
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
54
these are mediated by IgG or rarely IgM antibodies produced against the antigens on surfaces of the parasitic cells which causes antibody mediated destruction
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions
55
immune complexes are formed by the combination of parasitic antigens with the circulating antibodies which get deposited in various tissues
type 3 hypersensitivity reactions
56
this is t-cell mediated delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction.
type 4 hypersensitivity reactions
57
mechanism of the drug: bioactivated to form reduced cyto-toxin products which damage DNA
metronidazole, tinidazole, and ornidazole
58
mechanism of the drug: inhibits protein synthesis
dehydroemetine
59
mechanism of the drug: probably by concentrating in parasite food vacuoles
chloroquine
60
mechanism of the drug: inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 16S ribosomal RNA
paromomycin
61
mechanism of the drug: unknown; it is thought to interfere with protein synthesis
diloxanide furoate
62
complex and multifaceted
amphotericin B
63

Parasitology (Lec) (4 decks)

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