Chapter 1

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Any internal process that gives behaviour its energy, direction, and persistence

Question 2

Name 3 aspects of internal processes implicated in motivation

Answer 2

Need
Cognition
Emotion

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

Behaviour has strength.
It is strong, intense, and hardy/resilient

Question 4

Direction

Answer 4

Behaviour has purpose.
It is aimed or guided toward achieving some particular goal or outcome

Question 5

Persistence

Answer 5

Behaviour has endurance.
It sustains itself over time and across situations

Question 6

Need

Answer 6

Conditions within the individual whose satisfactions are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being

Question 7

3 examples of biological needs

Answer 7

Hunger
Thirst
Sleep

Question 8

3 examples of psychological needs

Answer 8

Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness

Question 9

Cognition

Answer 9

Mental events that arise out of the person’s way of thinking

Question 10

Are cognitions from abstract brain structures or physical brain structures?

Answer 10

Physical brain structures

Question 11

Give examples of cognition

Answer 11

Beliefs
Expectations
Goals
Plans
Attributions
Mindsets
Self-concept

Question 12

Emotion

Answer 12

Complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to the significant events in our lives

Question 13

Feeling

Answer 13

What you say you feel

Question 14

Arousal

Answer 14

Body’s response

Question 15

Purposive

Answer 15

Motivational urge to accomplish something in that moment

Question 16

Expressive

Answer 16

Non-verbal, communicative

Question 17

2 reasons to study motivation and emotion

Answer 17

Interesting topic
Important topic

Question 18

Why is motivation and emotion an interesting topic?

Answer 18

What do we want?
Why do we want it?
What do others want?
Why do they want it?

Question 19

Why is motivation and emotion an important topic?

Answer 19

How can we motivate ourselves?
How can we motivate others?

Question 20

What benefit do you gain from studying motivation and emotion?

Answer 20

Theoretical understanding
Practical know-how

Question 21

Define motivational science in terms of its 2 parts

Answer 21

Motivation: The study of all those internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain behaviour
Science: Answers to motivational questions require objective, data-based, empirical evidence gained from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research findings

Question 22

Name 2 criteria of a good theory

Answer 22

Made from lots of data
Can make a prediction why someone behaves a certain way

Question 23

Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study

Answer 23

Why does behaviour start?
Once begun, why is behaviour sustained over time?
Why is behaviour directed toward some goals yet away from others?
Why does behaviour change its direction?
Why does behaviour vary in its intensity?
Why does behaviour stop?

Question 24

5 expressions of motivation

Answer 24

Behaviour
Engagement
Psycho-physiology
Brain activations
Self-report

Question 25

7 behavioural expressions

Answer 25

Effort Persistence Latency Choice Probability of response Facial expressions Bodily gestures

Question 26

Name the 3 related aspects of engagement

Answer 26

Behaviour Cognition Agency

Question 27

Behaviour as an aspect of engagement

Answer 27

Being on-task Showing up Exerting effect Persisting in the face of challenge and difficulty

Question 28

Cognition as an aspect of engagement

Answer 28

Concentrating Using sophisticated learning strategies Self-regulating (e.g., planning) Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge

Question 29

Agency as an aspect of engagement

Answer 29

Showing initiative Speaking up (e.g., asking questions) Expressing interests and preferences Personalizing the surrounding environment

Question 30

Physiological activity

Answer 30

Hormonal activity Cardiovascular activity Ocular activity Electrodermal activity Skeletal activity

Question 31

Hormonal activity

Answer 31

Chemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fight-or-flight reaction)

Question 32

Cardiovascular activity

Answer 32

Contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels (as in response to attractive incentives, difficult/challenging tasks)

Question 33

Ocular activity

Answer 33

Eye behaviour - pupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), eye movements (reflective thought)

Question 34

Electrodermal activity

Answer 34

Electrical changes on the surface of the skin (as in response to a significant or threatening event)

Question 35

Skeletal activity

Answer 35

Activity of the musculature, as with facial expressions (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave)

Question 36

10 themes in the study of motivation

Answer 36

Motivation and emotion enable effective functioning Motivation and emotion are "intervening variables" Types of motivation exist Motivation study reveals human nature (what people want) We are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behaviour Motivational and emotional states are dynamic and often reciprocally related to the events that cause them To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions Some motivational strategies work better than others Needs, emotions, cognitions, and well-being interrelate There is nothing so practical as a good theory

Question 37

What kinds of variables are motivation and emotion?

Answer 37

Intervening variables

Question 38

In what two primary ways does motivation vary?

Answer 38

Quantity: How much motivation? Quality: What type of motivation?

Question 39

2 types of motives that are related to the cortical brain Examples?

Answer 39

Explicit motives and conscious motives Goals, values, self

Question 40

2 types of motives that are related to subcortical brain

Answer 40

Implicit motives and unconscious motives Hunger, anger, mood

Question 41

When happens when motives originate in the subcortical brain?

Answer 41

We are not aware of the origin of a need, cognition, or emotion